Unknown Speaker 00:01 versus district thinking about this presentation together this year is the decade I was actually Unknown Speaker 00:53 reading papers on US government and the UN are live between federal country and western countries in various product administrations more in writing and writing manuals what Unknown Speaker 01:42 are what is Unknown Speaker 01:44 the resignation team opportunity to take nothing funny there's a health indication that this will happen in the future we might even perform well but we can't talk about menstruation unless we understand because and then the other aspect was to talk about freedom that wasn't integrated and both sides were closing down they're trying to really go back there this one as well so that was you know the Federal Regulatory Commission on expected it seems that this is going to be played out again and US traffic not being investigated Unknown Speaker 03:32 right anyway so look at what's the Unknown Speaker 03:41 third position and take it much much harder this is just very simply the fact that my 14 year Unknown Speaker 04:07 old system Unknown Speaker 04:14 very very important to maintain this view to make sure this doesn't Unknown Speaker 04:31 happen this video so that is promised one Unknown Speaker 04:53 is going to be able to provide simulator to the wide areas and in the right areas. You are permitted as a man to go from the rural areas to the white areas Unknown Speaker 05:09 these are really important areas Africans have been assigned here of course the bandstand several independent states have been set up an attorney the same plan which is very very accomplished without parent parents Unknown Speaker 05:44 as well so, what happens is that workers who sell their labor in urban areas Unknown Speaker 06:01 are given permission to travel they their parents are very very restrictive and their pay extreme their wages the rationale happening together the attempt is to say well we don't say after the Unknown Speaker 06:25 exam they want Unknown Speaker 06:31 to so that we don't actually have to give women are not seen as vagrants and so that they are very difficult Unknown Speaker 06:46 on their own Unknown Speaker 06:50 that they can and they do and they certainly do on a large scale but for the majority in fact he's known for it's been effectively impossible circumstances to kind of register Unknown Speaker 07:14 so, this is mainly running for most protected Unknown Speaker 07:19 areas from and are able to go back and forth and I mentioned crossing the two weeks after we do not have a choice in terms of where they were they have to explain their past past register for the euro and from that point on because requisitions they need underwear just like your nine denying any reputation Unknown Speaker 08:06 there are some conditions by which applicants can legally resign Unknown Speaker 08:25 this section can Unknown Speaker 08:36 do this basically has forgotten grace, why is it Unknown Speaker 08:41 going in an urban area has lived there continuously for their whole life they can qualify and then they can seek work to to remain continuous Unknown Speaker 09:03 especially in an urban area migration is one particular district. So if you Unknown Speaker 09:11 want to do area Unknown Speaker 09:17 qualify so section session be somebody who has worked continuously for salmon Canyon for work to come up. Again this is something that is very very cool. get laid off Unknown Speaker 09:36 instantly. And again Unknown Speaker 09:47 the third category is a white one protesting race. Unknown Speaker 09:55 As United sort of manifests Unknown Speaker 09:57 residence you can live with Him forever. She has entered the open every evening, which again and has ordinarily as I say, reside with her husband, that she is living in a house. Unknown Speaker 10:15 Now, it's an incredible story Unknown Speaker 10:18 takes five, six years for an average patient during that time. So that getting 160,000 live in town Unknown Speaker 10:44 so, it's quite clear that Unknown Speaker 10:49 the impact of this is very, very much drive a woman living in rural areas, try to support the family, very, very compassionate from husbands or sons or fathers. Unknown Speaker 11:12 As I said, Unknown Speaker 11:14 the land is very, very impoverished, women cannot grow their role as this Unknown Speaker 11:25 key brand which women have case insensitive everybody fundamentally Unknown Speaker 11:35 unable to do this, that Unknown Speaker 11:37 means that they feel absolutely left. Every sense of themselves is very effective. We live in a kind of productive, remember, and sales can change that's one of the aspects and to illustrate some artists are happy with spending and government section of the country. Unknown Speaker 12:10 We were number after many, many, many, many Unknown Speaker 12:16 generations centuries, and some have been actually only because they had bought land from before 1990 13 it was possible that the transference of land going west to investment no longer purchased Unknown Speaker 12:43 forever that law is not retroactive. So people actually report in large numbers. So what happened doesn't mean circle blackspots were to clear the face of Unknown Speaker 13:07 intense regret from the end of the whole stream will also be with additional MyFonts. Generations. They too lost the right to remain Unknown Speaker 13:23 on their squatter camps in the urban areas, particularly around a time where people had anything to do with their families. least there's a whole sense that Cambridge Unknown Speaker 13:41 did not could not tell. Or looking at Unknown Speaker 13:45 any other evening. Unknown Speaker 13:48 No longer Unknown Speaker 13:53 since the beginning of the 60s the Unknown Speaker 13:55 whole campaign without actually to be six or six days and over half of this 2 million Unknown Speaker 14:20 and I was in South Africa Nigeria in Unknown Speaker 14:30 terms of pressure being put on the area to Unknown Speaker 14:35 meet our Sangha Unknown Speaker 14:36 does not matter to Unknown Speaker 14:38 the automatic production began to petition the government was quite clear petitioners position that they were going nowhere and as the government is getting very excited about drones are starting to Do you have much more lessons and 93 days where you can explain and give Unknown Speaker 15:11 your peace of mind Unknown Speaker 15:13 that they said they were able to second probably going to be very angry, he went to his car shop. And just being the person who's not replacing the faders into it Unknown Speaker 15:35 is very unusual Unknown Speaker 15:40 very restaurant as part of the campaign against with full services from allocating only expenses is the bus services takes the domain services cost, there are teachers that are too active. This is a way that they want to get people to eat. And what they do vary your experience of happiness. If they cannot find a leader in the community that is ready to pay, they will then execute the community this person is willing to move into something more promising for particular land with areas to Unknown Speaker 16:34 and he Unknown Speaker 16:35 will then negotiate with the government which is independent at Unknown Speaker 16:43 the summit, I think what I'm trying to build up a picture of Unknown Speaker 16:51 South Africans in general women, particularly suffering, the rooms Unknown Speaker 16:59 that, in fact, Unknown Speaker 17:00 it is very difficult to imagine any real sense of harmony when there really is something Unknown Speaker 17:18 in the Mozambique side, Unknown Speaker 17:21 that is very was very inspiring. The independence of Mozambique, which is a country that for decades war direction can gain its independence and celebrate its 10th anniversary. Unknown Speaker 17:50 And I really it was looked through by many people. Unknown Speaker 17:58 People who are interested in the process of science, social conservation, recreation can't change as a real exhausted. They certainly have very, very strong ideology in terms of how they want to push through it, whether it was something that was taking the country more already encouraged to take on leadership roles in terms of the activities in the liberation movement. But there was the other question was Was there a clear recognition that the liberation of women was essential to the second question on the show? And there's no what liberation woman's fundamental necessity for over guarantee of its continuity and precondition, very clearly stated conduct of a successful revolution of social change, unless we take the road to change. Unknown Speaker 19:23 And certainly, for Unknown Speaker 19:24 the first years and continuing, there wasn't there wasn't a lot of attention made to integrate women into the process. And for that development process to remember it that we're going to be integrating Unknown Speaker 19:43 today and how I could see Unknown Speaker 19:49 this being done in one area that Unknown Speaker 19:56 was the impact of Unknown Speaker 19:57 transformation. At the center of the nation for our producers Unknown Speaker 20:17 what followed was Unknown Speaker 20:21 the institutional programming specialization, the land was nationalized Unknown Speaker 20:26 and Unknown Speaker 20:29 three areas would have done in terms of the socialization and the development of competence and the development community just rich with them give me a shot, thank you for the thumbs up and if any more questions in parallel with Unknown Speaker 20:54 the state farms were both in state and policy the in terms of agricultural, all of these three Unknown Speaker 21:02 aspects of socialization and that was stressed again and again and you read documents to Congress for cabinet documents very, very good. When you look at actually what happens almost exclusively a lot of aid came from socialist countries, but it will save resources and develop safe homes many of the statements were had been fortunately sponsored by Unknown Speaker 21:37 some by some corporation Unknown Speaker 21:39 not only my choice Unknown Speaker 21:43 of independence to Unknown Speaker 21:45 this country just left a lot of money available the rationale here was that these pumps have been working many years they've been successful opening real estate and in fact, there was a lot of moments with this process or one of the reasons why people do raise a question Unknown Speaker 22:23 but there was one anytime no known as promised knowledge and then Unknown Speaker 22:33 how to amplify make faith it was very appealing Unknown Speaker 22:46 hold it does take Unknown Speaker 22:46 time to produce enough food to feed the country as well as be able to export the recovery to the emphasis on stay away and leaving focus on family production Unknown Speaker 23:13 and I think it's fair to say gonna have number of cases the next area is the company this again was stress paradise common Unknown Speaker 23:31 property this was seen as divided the economic base in villages a way in which people would vote to collectively grow cash crops subsistence crops Unknown Speaker 23:50 the knees also Unknown Speaker 23:53 failed and not throw me on an awesome person very impressive flops that are working with the devil and for the people that work with me and just to be the conditions that affect the properties are very very little resources and the Unknown Speaker 24:17 intention was to get very Unknown Speaker 24:21 very little in terms of availability of resources and personnel Mozambique leadership whenever inherited, it doesn't make sense. The Portuguese have not developed any kind of educational system for that. Very, very good. They did was purchase different from Fresh Books. They informed me they all Looking at other schools, so that there was no applicants that were educated to a point that they could actually fill the roles. Unknown Speaker 25:11 That went for two years there, Unknown Speaker 25:13 they just Unknown Speaker 25:14 ended up illustrious administration schools, maybe medical services. And it was very difficult for us to make the investment in concentrations were working with a university degree would be replaced by somebody that has a real gap in the district taken down in terms of safe homes. Unknown Speaker 25:46 The third area was the Unknown Speaker 25:49 LeoVegas. Which was seen as the core of procrastination, if any, would be encouraged to attend to be attended to this cabin. And also, the feeling was an agreement religious meeting provides all the services and skills held together. Unknown Speaker 26:13 And suddenly Unknown Speaker 26:18 there's no real attempt to issue articles in order to make them so attractive. In fact, this is there has been some force to force militarization, mostly because Unknown Speaker 26:43 the whole activities of South Unknown Speaker 26:45 Africa and what I'm trying to save as the most of the setup, program of socialization, which are very, very common issue, that which we'll be looking at 10 years later. And which have a tremendous impact on given the areas that told me about setting up the orphanages, it's really the women that would benefit or not benefit anyone by being able to be active in the carpenters, by being able to grow their crops of land allocated to them. And ultimately, it was hoped that two days after the occupation, nominee, agriculture will be very, very long, that unpaid for a very, very less tenure was a series of problems. One, of course, the whole question of policy mistakes, neighbors fake knowledge and are trying to change my error candidate again, can't change them, the economy. Unknown Speaker 27:51 This was affected very, very Unknown Speaker 27:56 one of the main positive effects of this was that South Africa did not want this country on their borders, that was being successful in terms of showing that socialism could work number one, number two would then support the African National Congress and its struggle against so that it was very threatening or dangerous coming into darkness into a national national Unknown Speaker 28:30 movement the National Resistance and Unknown Speaker 28:34 we began a program that can last much longer have been very successful particularly in the last year and a half. Additionally to that has been a series of national disasters, natural disasters, floods, drought, floods, drought and the very real sense to estimate and nothing below estimates Unknown Speaker 29:02 so that personally, I have a very limited resources and Unknown Speaker 29:04 had to deal with controversy that has to do with trying to rely on resources which led ultimately and much last year for the standing of South Africa with the fact that basic integration of two countries whether they support them which in fact, they saw South Africa with our sisters, in fact, Mr. Preston so that again, I can just see in terms of the third New Orleans conference that we can talk about location comedy Unknown Speaker 29:59 and Causes and I think however, there's another view is that I support that Unknown Speaker 30:20 here to talk about alliteration, reminisce as the world's women and experience the SI but the question was what women's liberation means I'm beyond that, it would be nice to believe that if we just did away with privacy and private, we would again and that something else needs to be looked at. And I think again, mostly, it was a good example of that in the sense of that kind of all the time an impression Unknown Speaker 30:57 they really did put a lot of programming Unknown Speaker 30:59 practice in the way that I've seen in my limited experience programs with a lot of mobilization, mobilization around being willing to do what men can do. And if they say they want to categorize you find women driving trains, the kind of women plus drivers mechanics or mechanics in factories in our state we also have a sense that women can't do these jobs and must be encouraged to do these jobs our responsibility actually was not stressed Unknown Speaker 31:44 because not every contract Unknown Speaker 31:46 was negotiated for the punishment women accomplish that and then they get up an hour early and they can do all these things and then see that they work for a while Unknown Speaker 32:07 and it's not programmed to push and so I'm gonna have a vision of incredible people that have developed a very very active and responsible for childcare and will be Unknown Speaker 32:22 responsible for production they have been responsible as Americans to be active in in political activities in December they are a member of the women's organization and member justice and that was quite evident to me when I was traveling around with religious when I said that there was an assets was a lot of postage stamps so good I'm still working on the answer to the question how can I really do any kind of idea that we didn't really have and then we can also learn much much more moving throughout areas has really kind of South Africa if you then maybe a bit at the beginning Unknown Speaker 34:04 what do you need? Do you think we should support this Unknown Speaker 34:09 thing we should support? Various much that responded by saying you Unknown Speaker 34:16 know what we need anyone and that in fact, we have built houses with points and not having to do that found that one question that may have very limited carrying cost Unknown Speaker 34:52 with the millennials, trying to find a way there and the government doesn't be in touch and Unknown Speaker 35:02 actually became a chain Well that's very interesting doing nothing is that mostly excited to be very happy with these customers any customers that must be right and that when we look at a very nice marriage Unknown Speaker 35:51 so it only means Unknown Speaker 35:52 that basically that are going to be so Unknown Speaker 35:56 in order to leave a new sense of ourselves we need to adjust because they start at the very very end again and they saw again if you will Unknown Speaker 36:21 the area's news has to be dealt with a lot has gone on and they have been very good Unknown Speaker 36:35 that there will be a lot of medical education and my sense of your Unknown Speaker 36:45 overall sense is that you're going to just answer everyone there was absolutely no question was their choice same thing us to Unknown Speaker 37:10 remember but this links directly back to your Unknown Speaker 37:15 professional production and Unknown Speaker 37:20 if women are seen as workers you have your right hands the World Economic input and there's so many Scotland a whole family is geared Unknown Speaker 37:33 towards the expectation as to this kind of capitalist Unknown Speaker 37:42 family wrap it up so that again there's that it's all very well Unknown Speaker 38:04 seven point Unknown Speaker 38:18 should I be listening to spectrogram Unknown Speaker 38:28 once again see the parallels to what has happened in the last 20 years. Unknown Speaker 38:40 Some sense of wonder to native German was established essentially major changes that were identified in the 16th century especially safety special needs and social safety. Nets are very important for understanding Richmond stability operation process when we're trying to see an interest rate Unknown Speaker 39:34 why I don't say that Unknown Speaker 39:37 history is history of different Unknown Speaker 39:43 histories. But some of the same actors, especially on the side of South Africa are also the president Unknown Speaker 39:52 and the case manager research and policies Unknown Speaker 39:58 so that if there were Returning to the trace. Unknown Speaker 40:03 In Tanzania in Tanzania, it's not so much money exactly the business Unknown Speaker 40:08 both in terms of investment Unknown Speaker 40:12 in the colonial period, a sense of conditions with a major source of export earnings per se, but also to drop in my coffee was happening. Unknown Speaker 40:38 But the other thing is about a business and one that became much more important after independence, or the big transnationals don't have to move directly into production. But who are the major buyers opposed by this by this the package and transport control migration, especially in the 70s, important Tanzania providing visibility studies to promote even the disease for his own consumption, as well as major export. They are the ones who provide the inputs like fertilizer insecticides, and some of the agencies. So that agribusiness has been shown in Africa as in the United States to have very complex critically integrated producers will be renamed. But in this one we are taught to the banks to the business, in the case of Tanzania not so much directly to the banks from the borders. of Tanzania steel is the one who's directly in debt to a combination of funding finance, then must itself be forced to act upon the producers to come forward with certain kinds of policy once they can sell overseas to get that foreign exchange. So that integration has the significant aspects of state must separate the operations of the situation and increasingly important to Unknown Speaker 42:15 monitor the condition ship to users. Now, in recent history, Unknown Speaker 42:21 you could see there was some kind of a flight of capital outcome translate after not immediately after independence, but because of the strength of the planet social growth, their mode of operation etiology. Within Unknown Speaker 42:42 six focus on the process, or the content process, helps to explain as Unknown Speaker 42:50 they were coming back, and they're coming back not just in circulation to agribusiness, without direct investment in physical injury. If you're aware, push the wrong thing. USA ID. So the notion of privatization in agriculture is Tanzania as a ministry. A push against state and state ownership of enterprises being State Farm state ranches as well as the industry. That doesn't mean again state intervention, which because when it comes to regulating the labor force, they want to stay active. But as far as steak, honestly that that wraps the movement of private capital that we have within it, especially from outside, increasingly, there's an upfront push against it, you can see Unknown Speaker 43:39 that demand has struggled over the last five or six years. Unknown Speaker 43:48 It's related to things like doing away with whatever little means of state control over enforcement. Now, in terms of understanding settlements, crisis, there are several aspects and we can talk about the food crisis, we can talk about the crisis and the fact that Unknown Speaker 44:07 like approaching Unknown Speaker 44:12 a crisis of incomes a crisis of employment, and Lisa, particularly women first of all, studies have shown declining wages were they have had to adjust Of course, the absolute nation's to standards have been found. Unknown Speaker 44:41 In all, spheres, even put in the middle classes. Unknown Speaker 44:47 Also, producer prices have been declining over the alternatives. The present producers and the younger and hospital activators we could argue as far as being able to work hard up For up to 66%, so that when we talk about declining producer impacts, we are talking about whether it's agricultural policies have to do, because they are increasingly dependent upon others. And when people talk about crisis about, which is the other side of the sentence, they won't say out loud, if there is concern about these women, they're not behaving or the way certain federal agencies will help them. Part of the issue is women have always put first and foremost producing food that will keep them down this code. Secondly, food is a cash in cash profit isn't food, food is desperate. For services, maybe owners food has become increasingly important as a cash crop. And it puts women into a bond of buying because women have also become a piston important providing cash needs for their families to sell some of that food makes in order to get other kinds of requirements in order to get kerosene Okay, so to pay for school uniforms for their kids. Listen to whether it's a female householder, or a husband and wife situation. Basically, women are forced into finding ways to get why is partly related to the increasing significance of cash for families that money is needed to buy food for a part of the year for most. So that the concept of the subsistence producer really has to be corrected. It's only the more sort of middle level farmers who can make it and even have a surplus, a true surplus to sell. And then you get into the race and more wealthy producers who actually are buying from the poor neighbors are able to sell time and make money for a very large proportion that producers is increasing. So women will try to find ways to increase the cash they get from beer. So you see a lot of the food stores going to production. And this becomes a source of potential of course. Because on one hand, it means women have an integrated source of income outside facing export crops, which is where the government makes money. It means that they are not necessarily available as cheap labor, bigger agricultural enterprises because they didn't make more money producing something like beer and selling and perhaps have more freedom and mobility than they would have as a casual and casual they were made me in a very long day's work. But on terms with very with no worker benefits, as you are hired for the day, usually not a government official. Now another aspect of this polarization, which has been taking place in the countryside in the next few years, what has been called the fixer lindian finance and justification, that money is needed to buy fertilizer to provide some of these special seats, quite simply. And historically, women have been the less have been least having access to large sums of money to invest. So they're increasingly not able to keep up with the demands for higher and higher yields, which increases there. And then you will find women will talk about going to work as a casual labor for larger because perhaps in the same field, in order to get enough money to buy us a small package of fertilizer, but she won't be able to buy enough fertilizer to really get economic use out of it. So that it isn't that women are ignorant or backward use of modern inputs, they just don't have the means to get it. So this financial justification is of course not just affecting women, it's it's related to what could be called organization in the countryside that some books Unknown Speaker 49:19 are able to hire more sustainable Unknown Speaker 49:22 neighbors. And the financial justification picks up immediately to credit agencies and their business because what people need to buy money, what people need money for us to buy an important commodity produced by others. Or it may be a case where another business comes in and says well, a fertilizer plant for you. Or we are going to be a part of your life isn't in the last few years has been a problem promotions, major fraud and transnational every business document and then another one who has been involved in providing physical side effects items that are specifically made for items and will be printed in this case for one thing or another agency. So you see World Bank's credit programs to Africa, profit agribusiness, which provides those commodities which the government then becomes a force for procuring, and then tries to force business to use. I've been working in one area runway, where T was promoted by brokers, especially during the 70s. From in small homes to Project Runway was more successful and efficient adoption into Wyoming, it's partly because this was an area that used to be literally her reservoir for southern. And that's a big property. So the only way 90% of its men work south, sometime in Alaska, at any one moment, up to 50% of the manual. But in the 50s, it was primarily copper build this. But before the 50s, many of the communities had moved on. Or they we're working on something in addition to the farms. And again, relying upon the labor force that can work to keep the families going as far as production and providing the way to absorb the now that Microsoft production. Sometimes we're going to join them especially going into the corporate world. So the migrant labor history, in Tanzania, it does involve a larger extent because of different kinds of policies by local companies, one that actually began to emerge, family movement started and so on and so forth actually. But once again, Tanzania depended upon migrant labor, not only as an export, but to work precise advantage. And again, that was primarily male labor, mobile, decisive plantations with underneath. And you can look at a colonial costs to keep women in good restaurants and Chick fil A reserved in and outside and producing. I think we can see parallel compression policies also take women in the countryside, productive in agriculture, and to try to regulate or stop their increasing involvement in other forms of primary commodities, such as beautiful processing, and sales penetrator various different items, including what has been called the black market, both in tongues as well as in the countryside, these activities are important. Now, when agribusiness sets up the production, big farm, what's happening and also smaller commercial quantity beyond five Jasmine's joint ventures with outside some new surprises, as well as what could be called future business operations. Unknown Speaker 53:03 The kinds of labor why department is primarily what is called casual labor. And it's usually part of our excuse my business, long term business. So people are forced to affirm security or wage employment means that depending upon prices of a given problem to market on the local market, depending upon the weather, etc, there may or may not be a demand for labor of a certain scale. And women have been a major pool of casual labor in certain areas such as the chief status. So there have been a major pool for agro processing industry, certain aspects of grading and sorting coffee, for example. So that women, what I have been arguing looking for transparent Semitism, the first rule for privatization in large scale agriculture is that increasingly, women are going to be casualized. As large scale agriculture is promoted in response to demands and user engagement as being important. But that's not necessarily mean that women can afford to wait five minutes. It means that women can either make do as casual laborers, nor can they physically make do as peasant producers, they've got to combine all these different sources of income to survive. And this is what seems to be happening in a different pace and scale in different parts of campus. So in studies, it's been possible to show that in some areas, half of the men who we would call peasants are actually categorizes wage employed people, and certainly is already an important Unknown Speaker 54:59 mission According to census data, which will be an underestimate, because it doesn't deal with what happens sporadically, where somebody is hired for a couple of days by one person and find another job, just waiting for somebody to want to work for them. And those will not be captured by any additional statistics on the webinar. Now, I just want to close by by talking about the impact of the export file. Tanzania after independence, spider 67% of the minds to some what was called socialism, but I think we could call it a kind of social welfare state system with an important role in the state in monitoring the economy and actually owning some of what we're calling major highs which indeed attract do so in a negative way. But, but remains locked into primary monitor, mainly, for external as a way to get the necessary was a country among the poorest in Africa, also very low level of educational, therefore dependent upon an import not only of goods, but a person's sense of experts. So that the technological input was important. And now is under increasing pressure to promote more export orientation. What this has meant in certain areas is that people will talk about it, we are enslaved to teeth, we are enslaved to tobacco, producers have had to take land away from food and put it into export women as well as men. It may be that that a combination of forces has made it so that it may be that this isn't fair for labor in certain areas. And the state can't do otherwise. It says that it isn't that it requires for exchange, the group operates in this way before and approves, and therefore has to find a way to get more of that. So that the statement per se is stuck in it kind of skews itself is facing one of the final messages. And so I think we should see this new face of colonial domination today, guns remain important. And Africa is elsewhere. But finance is the name of its financial manipulations, which are set up in states in Africa. The demand of capital outside. And there's definitely the new agriculture which was report which was more or less establishment at two tries to you know, go citizen wants to go small scale housing production on one hand, and large scale private and public production. In fact, in a situation of sparse resources, faced with the demands from large scale agriculture, local in the form of private and public, which says we have a problem of labor on the one hand, we have the problem of inputs on the other, where are the source tractors and fertilizers? What will be the labor policies involved so far, the evidence is central that it will be the largest still agriculture favorite. And that seems to be the quickest way to resolve the food problem seems to be large scale agriculture, the quickest way to resolve the problem of getting the producers to produce cotton, is to put it in the hands of a large scale operator, who will then force certain wage laborers to produce what is required, somebody causes going on to the heads of the president says to resolve the agricultural crisis. And this does seem to be Tanzania. Now there's a real implication here. For women, there has already been an experience of Tanzania recently, as you can see lovely in other countries now, rounding up women who were not officially married in the countryside, trying to ship them to the farms. I mean, considering they're trying to ship them to the countryside of telling men and women in town they must be economically engaged. But definition was such that a woman grows a beard is not economically engaged. A woman who is making a living by selling what are called on domestic brands are selling other kinds of foodstuffs, which the poor people rely upon as their major source of food are being told this is not economic engagement, you must prove that you have a firm that you're operating on to go back to the country. So now we can see how the the inputs the right the reason for the state having to take those kinds of policies. But it does mean that kind of going back to the idea of keeping women on the farm, keeping women in order to resolve labor problems, to reduce the cost the state has incurred and important to provide during times of stress and that kind of that But Unknown Speaker 1:00:01 I would argue that it's also when you jump over the heads of the peasants, and you no longer worry about economic incentives for small business, you no longer worry about raising the purchasing power of the people to create a home market. Because you're increasingly thinking about the international market. So there's logic economically, to what's happening. And when people don't have economic incentives to produce more, they don't even have the goods in shops to buy with whatever little money they get, which is happening in Tanzania is almost everywhere. During the 70s, you then have are forced to use coercive measures, instead. And that will be things like locking people up in the countryside, making it difficult to move around, and that kind of thing. Now, the World Bank says it's funny, because on one hand, they're all for privatization, etc. But they do say, they do show in their studies, how adaptable and efficient the small scale producer is. And what they really mean is at a time of declining growth crisis, at a time of declining prices, even for nationally marketed, somehow small family can make it how can they make unfastened when was the cost of labor of factory labor is not included, many people have no other choice but to keep working harder. So it means they're forced to expand more than they're forced to use their labor more intensively to get less returns when they're in production, so that it's adaptable from one side. But of course, women get ahead of the options if they look for this, because of course, they don't want to work that much harder to get this from what they're doing. So that I would argue that this city and country thing that was referred to concerning migrant labor system, etc. And so there's a way in which it's also was there as in as developing, again, in a different form, but very much in response to this being locked in export for a global market, relying upon primary commodity production, increasingly, which I would argue is going to come from larger scale enterprises, but also from a business where women represent an important source of family labor, but also casualty in the larger scale enterprises. I would like to close by saying, this new polarization going on I think, is related to the creation of new former state and its global state. And I come across economists who we have thought of as sympathizers like Jerry Reiner, talking about the need for a global Unknown Speaker 1:02:45 manager, Unknown Speaker 1:02:46 that there's a need to discipline the states and they don't just mean the Third World poor state. They also mean states like Sweden and Denmark that have persisted in providing funds to transmit experiment as a qualification to the national liberation movements. They actually in the World Bank, this paper on Sub Saharan Africa, forth about the need for countries to put aside their immediate commercial interest for the longer term goals of development that he says we dress specifically