Unknown Speaker 00:03 Before I go from really spot on my favorite is the feminization of poverty. So what was illegal, just two sentences 3500 square miles and 3.2 million people into the United States. Unknown Speaker 00:31 defenses. Unknown Speaker 00:33 I was national product is about 15. In 1985, looking for men and women, the income per capita is 3700. Healthcare prices in 1985, which is I think, 50% that have existed before, I think it's under 50%, less than 50%. And this comparison with Mississippi is important for one year, when the industrialization program started, the name on the Puerto Rican government was to see that the per capita income of Puerto Rico begin to be at least the first two sentences can be time and by 1970, that can be done coming. I plan up to be about 69 to 71% According to the according to both the planning board and also a lecture given by Governor. But after 7475 76 started having very big economic problems and 76. Food Stamps all over the country. After that, our capita income coming down. City. So what we have achieved, shall we say, was almost within the last 10 years or 12 years in that respect. On the other hand, the one wants to convey up with the rivers with everything to do with the other Caribbean islands. It was in 1985, lower than just three of them. But Kurosawa, Aruba have lost a lot of their income because the refining companies left Exxon, shell and so on. And also they were they had some sort of tax haven from the United States arrangement, which was also changed and an idea before tax. So that both those governments have had to cut their government employee salaries by 10%. And I think perhaps today, in spite of the fact that it is only 50% of Mississippi's in making largest Indian things are not yet dumped in Mexico, Central America and the islands of the West. The labor participation rate in 1986. General NATO is 43.9%. And that is the lowest in this century. Given I want to speak about a little bit later, I brought enough of these. So given feature one is there the percentage of working age population the length of the century meaning the unemployment rate, according to the government is 17.9%. Although really, if you consider the fact that labor participation rates will be 3.9%. If they were over 50% as it should be in other places. You would have to say that my deployment is nearer to 40%. Actually, the government was saying that to Congress and I remember speech or fitness courses Unknown Speaker 04:27 talking about that. Unknown Speaker 04:32 When the welfare, American welfare programs food stamps, rent assistance, when financial settlement started full force in 1976, they were for 65% of the population. When that happened for 65% of the population in 1976. We felt that some of them were that the industrialization program has just improved the lives of purpose and population, because we remember that 1936 the Federal Emergency Relief station had said that, at that time 77% of the population should be qualified for federal aid. It doesn't mean that it's gotten at least 75% qualified, and now 40 years after industrialization 65%. Well, this does not mean that everybody who receives welfare there does not have a job. Because salaries in Puerto Rico are low enough to have the Puerto Rican wells there are very little affected by the rate of tax, because every time he talks about the safety net, we're going to be concerned with the safety. There have been cuts in relation, of course, people particular programs, and unfortunately, programs like those for the handicapped, where you know, they've chosen one, but the general cuts across the board, have never taken affected with the vehicles. Also, I like to say that, whereas the population of Puerto Rico is 1.3%, of the United States, of the food stamps as of 1980. I don't know right now, because I needed to go there, there's a 9090 of the food stamps, we receive 10% of the food stamps that were allotted no United States. As a result of that, you can imagine that when you go shopping in Puerto Rico to the supermarket, at the checkout, or anything here in the last check cashing check, and with an equal, I always get asked. Unknown Speaker 07:02 I would like also to point out, I really get into the women's issues and how this affects me, we've got to point out that the Puerto Rican economy is, in my opinion, completely artificial in the opinion of the government, they like to use the word vulnerable. And the opinion of both Jamestown and homemade history of the economy, facilitating something again in 1975. And a group of professors from Michigan University who made a study of the Department of Commerce which came out make them be non disclosure money that Bridgestone. They say that it is a very fragile, so you choose whichever one you like. But anyway, I consider that it is artificial, because it is based on four legs, none of which has anything to do with what Unknown Speaker 07:55 people don't do. And Unknown Speaker 07:59 one of them is about transfer payments. Remember I said they were $14.8 million. And Kevin crisis was served as the GNP in 1985. When the 1984, we have $4.2 billion in federal transit, it does not mean that all that money was for welfare, only 1.2 billion it was welfare. The rest was for military expenses for expenses in the West agencies include your vehicle for matching funds for roads and hospitals, that sort of thing. And also for social security when we put the money into Social Security with the union cetera. So the only guy the only amount that was sort of a gift, shall we say, in the sense that we don't pay in federal taxes and it comes out in federal taxes. It was the amount that has to do with public was going to be that will be one of the lifts and like I said, I got to pick up any time Congress on the side. Another leg is what we got in Puerto Rico, the 96 funds. 936 is the section on the Internal Revenue Act of 1900 76. Which changes that positions corporation tax in such a manner that these corporations he said all branches of American companies. Obviously, state, these corporations may return their money repatriate is a way that you send money to the United States after 18 months after six to 18 months in Puerto Rican without paying a penny of US tax. But they have to leave that money in banks in Puerto Rico for six to 18 months. The idea behind this law was that by depositing this money in the banks in Puerto Rico, you would be able to sorry the companies themselves for tomorrow for The money they have to have employed the vehicle for six to 18 months, why there's their plans and whatever and create more jobs. Because the idea was to create jobs and see that you have the same time that the feature program is starting, here is another program to create jobs posted. Nevertheless, as we live in a wide world over the last 10 years, the most of the time the the rates of interest are so high. This money was not used for the purpose that was supposed to be believed it was used, it has been used in Puerto Rico, mostly for the kinds of personal loans to the mortgage loan smart banks usually. And then these banks, which are mostly American banks, to name was our first National City, Chase Manhattan, Bank of America. So on, and I think there'll be no more than a year First National Bank of Boston, these banks, what they then do is that the money that they will usually use for their other loans. They loan to the Treasury, especially, then they pay the companies that have to put their money in the Puerto Rican banks by 2.6%. So there's an arbitrage operation there, where the banks are importers as well. As you can imagine, in 1985, and 86, the US Treasury wanted to Unknown Speaker 11:35 put off these exploits. Unknown Speaker 11:40 I don't blame them. At the same time, where we always agreed to do what the coalition government can do to protest about the 96 once we become the most, because it's politicians who have to make noises. Today, I'm sure that probably the companies that use this, in order to switch advice have to launder money. In Puerto Rico, they have to pay tax on the profits, that we're doing a subsidiary. Of course, these companies Unknown Speaker 12:07 were all Unknown Speaker 12:09 doing lobby is a quiet lobby. And I think pretty sure the banks will do the same. But we have no proof of that unless the government of Puerto Rico has to protect this because it is $7 billion in the amount of money you can imagine if you think that they know the economy, I don't think that's gonna be a big problem. 50 million is a total of the GNP. And I haven't been enough. But that, again, is something that may disappear, they may disappear. What Treasury wanted to do was to cut it off, you know, slowly to webinar in FY 19. It was eliminated. And instead of that give the companies a certain amount of money, for deduction for each employee that they hired, which were embedded for the hiring employees, the government of Puerto Rico was all against that, for a very simple reason. They don't want employees to be hired. Again, that is the $7 billion are taken out of the economy, even slowly, it's going to be a very big problem. Now, the third leg is a million dollars of debt. Extended external debt was the name of debt to the United States, in 1985. That's big, you add up to $3,500 per person with your repo. And the highest video in the famous Latin American debt per capita is that of Chile, which is $1,500 per capita, I mean, Brazil and I was born. So that's Mexico, but they have to keep track of as much as they are importantly, for the amount of debt we owe to the banks outside of Puerto Rico is equal to $3,500 per person. Another CI that is equal to $1,500 per person, and that is CI that is supposed to be the highest enough America per capita. This amount also $3,500 per person is by far the highest of any territory in the United States was the State of the Union. And then that would be the third leg. Of course, it is being paid. Particularly since we are not an independent country. We don't have the problems of Venezuela were the rule that money is no way or any sort of thing you know, that you do it by changing your parenting someone in order to be able to score it more, but it is paid for in the sense of the nationalization of property what I mean is, for example, 30% only 30% of the time for banking was in 1970 non poor to meet and hence 9091 97. It was the other way around. Just 70% of the banking was in banks of non Puerto Rican hands, mostly us, but some Spanish as well. And only 30% of the banking was important. If the hands are on the way up today, it's much less important we can hence the first leg of this of this economy. Is that because of all I mentioned above, and even before the times when the model used to work well, emigration is absolutely necessary. Unknown Speaker 15:32 Large immigration Unknown Speaker 15:34 politically motivated politically, only the people have to lead to political reasons. What I mean is that the government certainly encourages innovation. That's what we mean. And the only way it will work is people people in emigrating. And the problem I find with that, I find it's a very sad situation. When we the point of deacons, I was a surplus to a government. I mean, to turn me over to speaking when there can be one moment when you need to expose population, and we have an exporter 600,000 books a week as you demanding for you buying 55. But by 1965, Reynolds and Gregory might have somewhere back here in my notes from DAP University, we're pointing out that in the Puerto Rican model will require continuous integration in order to be able to work, we know the GREMORY wages for the activity and industrialization. Homewood rich available in 1965. And if you require continuous integration, and yet to have 60% of the people receiving food stamps, now it went up from 65 to 60%. Something must be very warm. And as I say, I call this an artificial economy because of course, they'll put you in factories. Of course, there are people who are who are what working outside of the people who are working in the multinational companies are what the Nationals employed, I think less than 20% of the workforce. And, but then there are people working in services and tourism and other things. But the main state, they speak for things that have to do with the Puerto Rican economy, as I say, I find their perfect notes on your hands. No, in the sense of the dependency of the economic model. I'm speaking here, simply from the point of view, but as I said, just nicer uses Section of the Internal Revenue are to be taken away, and he talks about this. So he says, I mean, we are outside our decision possibilities. Now. I would like now to go into the bathroom and women in fall at the front of the boat is already feminized in Puerto Rico. And I'm going to pretend a little bit about women in Puerto Rico, comparing just within Puerto Rico and then a little bit more comparing Americans on the on the poverty line in 1981. White Americans, black Americans, Latino nations and Puerto Ricans were equal here on island, Puerto Ricans, there was 40% of our population lives in the United States. Well, I would have to speak of the Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico Xian Island. And Alice will speak later about the Puerto Ricans, women of Northeast folks, the changes between 1970 and 1980. dry I'm going to look into their statistics on women and women's participation in work throughout the century. And there the main thing would be to show you what I just passed around you will see that it has been riding slowly whereas women's participation in work has been going down steeply throughout the century. The reason why there are two lines of division here is they know exactly where they should be. That is that up to 90 said the working age population was population 10 and above. After 19 for the working age population according to the census was 14 and after 1960 working age population was 816. So that's what I tried to leave some breaks. Putting away with the groups themselves are going to be of higher ages, when when they expect this completely falling over time and the other one so me writing this code a bit differently. 50 1960 and that by texting him with, with a book for him, because it has to do with the fact that women were working very, very much on home leave work. And after the industrialization started, that stopped, like a 30 week. And hopefully we were doing in Puerto Rico, one penny for each piece that we saw. And some families have been painting chips. And as a result of the great poverty levels in Puerto Rico in the 1930s, with the Caribbean, the rich people still remember, Unknown Speaker 20:39 they will host families where the woman would bring in six, or seven or eight pieces of whatever, the man who would give it to her. And then the grandparents, the five year old children, everybody was sewing, this was in the 1930s. Somebody's ready for this, everyone will be sold even the one in the morning on the gas night to get together enough money for the family to eat one day. So that's very good. That is, you know, implemented, refined and was you eliminate that right? I think that's good. Unknown Speaker 21:11 And then respect. Unknown Speaker 21:13 And then you see after 1960 Such rising, but nevertheless, it never doesn't compare with invade what you have in the United States, and in 1981 time over the failure berries in how many 56 or 51 women, whether they be Hispanics or black women or white, the participation is over 50%. And that's not true in Puerto Rico. And when I present the results we're actually working with up to 24%, if you're talking about the rate of participation of women would have to be about 29%. This is This is war actually working really home jobs Unknown Speaker 22:01 doesn't include cars. It just says, well, cars just put on. Unknown Speaker 22:15 I would also like to point out to the President that women participated strongly in the worker struggles in the early part of this century. Between 1920 and 1930, they joined the Socialist Party, so steam has suffered from potential in it. But the American Colonization also brought about an enormous reduction of illiteracy for both sexes, from 85% in 1899, to 45.5% in 2025, according to the 1980 census figures, Unknown Speaker 22:44 10% 10%, illiterate, male and female. Unknown Speaker 22:52 Now I'd like to take a closer look at the statistics of male and female members of working age population in 1970 and 1980. And I would like to point though, that most of these statistics were extracted and prepared by adults. Then we made them out into tables and graphs or anything like that or be made on into dependent children and other notebooks and programs and maybe maybe 1986 I can reach the following conclusions. They're very preliminary because of aw combined the subject there is a rise in the proportion of female headed families from 16% in 1970 to 90% in 1980. And in 1987, the governor stated the message that it was 45%. So, when it has risen from 16% in 1970 19% of all hydro routes are female in 1980 1987. The 25% proportion of female headed families as a proportion of all families below the below the poverty level has risen from 19 to 23%. In the 19 7080 there one may speculate that is the proportion mentioned in the first one pollution human rights to all hands as other higher rise in the last six years than in the previous 10 This is probably also true in the proportion of female heads below the poverty level of warheads but we don't know we don't have that stat. Unknown Speaker 24:41 Are you talking about what it was in order with Unknown Speaker 24:49 reality Alex was going to speak about proving in human here Unknown Speaker 24:55 wonderful virus Unknown Speaker 24:58 seven before Western Out of all the females that are found in the 1970s. Were below the poverty level 74 in 1980, was only 71% of men because they work with a wonderful, it's going down. But even though it appears It's going down 3% slightly, it is also possible to balls to the increasing proportion of families receiving greater public assistance. And to the side, that are the increasing female headed families in the society as a whole. This was a random event in Puerto Rico is over 50% of all marriages in New York. Unknown Speaker 25:41 As here, more middle and upper class women may have become female. Unknown Speaker 25:48 And those middle and upper class women may or may not have been falling into poverty as a result of becoming divorced. I would say well, we have to make a deeper study into this. Absolutely. We haven't made relevant haven't made any study of this at all. Because there is a theme, but this is absolutely. I have facts. I mentioned facts. No, that's important Puerto Rico, because the extended family system to some extent still works, you know, female head of household whose husband disappeared, and we have at all we have sort of family backing to we to prepare for the workforce, particularly women class and probably would not be so severely accepted in this country. But I don't know, we have to study that attitude. Unknown Speaker 26:46 Quick question. When you say the poverty level, do you use this? Are we using the one on the one the same poverty level that we use here? Unknown Speaker 26:56 We are. Now it's a now it's about 10,000. Unknown Speaker 27:01 Family are Canadian was Unknown Speaker 27:02 one 7000 per family. Unknown Speaker 27:06 That's right. Okay. Just wanted to get Unknown Speaker 27:10 inside. There, I would add that, though, I mean, just offhand there. That alone. Put your ego you don't have to buy winter clothes or bakey? Yeah, that's true. No, no. So the other half the cost of living in Puerto Rico and gentlemen, you've hired Washington DC. salaries. I used to say to the economists were always complaining about why we don't say it was the people we don't say. So when I say it was the economy's well, how can we say that we have the place where you have to lower salaries and that the Americans live in such a high cost of living? How do you manage this man? Now, the median income of one female has a family without the husband present. And this is a category of resistance within the family female venture firm you will be given to me without my husband present? Person, there are two minutes. Yeah, I suppose it's 54 54% of all the time of that of all our families with an appointment. That is a female headed families. They get 54% median income, or the median income of the families with husband and wife. Unknown Speaker 28:28 They are in hands, who just Unknown Speaker 28:31 didn't. However, if we looked at the female heads who are in the labor force, and we see that the normal men and they come to about 30% female heads who are in the labor force, it's a bit higher than women in general. They're really getting go is as high as 91%. of the income a lot of families because when white person and this is a preliminary finding, and we want to look into it much, much more detail because we wonder why. Perhaps we could explain it by high percentage of all the families which receive welfare payments in Puerto Rico, there are a lot of husband and wife family to receive what it is only that situation for houses produces this routing behind me here think of when you compare females, heads of family in the workforce, to all families, not those who work with all families or main female, perhaps so that's why it comes out this way. We have no yet. The median income of female heads and receive public welfare is 35% of households with husband and wife present a world that is no two basic public welfare or those who receive salaries. And it's only 14% In the case of female head was only supposed to mean for his public assistance. So there you see, again, that it goes up, it goes down and down as a women participate in the workforce will be 91%. For those who are working full time, it is 35% for those who are working part time and received some public assistance, according to those who are warming you up Unknown Speaker 30:27 although the female heads of families participation in the labor force increase from 29% to 35%, during the math peaking, only 30% of female heads actually held jobs in 1979. The majority of female heads are not even in the main force. Again, it's my comparison Huisman 50% of the income received by female heads from employment was reduced between 1970 and 1980. Where's that coming from public assistance growth, although not as much as amongst those families, the implementation of the food stamp program in Puerto Rico beginning in 1976, for 65% of the population, as well as a declining economy explain this stuff. Unknown Speaker 31:18 Another Unknown Speaker 31:20 different fact is that about half of women 49% Unknown Speaker 31:23 were householders. Unknown Speaker 31:26 In the event, either divorced separated or with husband absence. There is a larger percentage 75% of female headed families in the ebony area. What I'm trying to say is that 75% of all female families needed distribution of occupations is similar. For female heads as role women, there are more female head to disservices less in progression, and less technicians and operators, Unknown Speaker 32:08 percentage wise. Then finally, on those facts, we are going to compare different effects between Americans and Puerto Ricans, Americans here and Unknown Speaker 32:28 finally, VA for Dependent Children program constitutes over 50% of all cases of direct aid and matching funds in Puerto Rico. Over 50%, of all cases have directly matching funds. And over 83% of ABC, no sorry, where 90% of the AFDC money is for female headed households. And of course, the person 90% of the assistance for females. That didn't work your week. Now, I like to mention that you have about five years Native Americans on the poverty line in 1981 points 12%, Black 35.6% Hispanics 29.9% on island, Puerto Rican 60% female heads of household 25% of all households in Puerto Rico 1386 15.4% of white American households, definitely the one other thing is for the USMLE these videos I took from an article and which reciting the census but I don't have all the figures from some of all female heads of household the percentage on the poverty line 27.4% from poisoning and women 52.9% of black women in 1981 and 71%. So again, there you have, it's much, much harder, even for the black. male female participation enabled question I already mentioned that maybe it's 52% White American 53% Black American woman, 50% Hispanic American women, and 49% are live on the weekend. The males are the full time jobs in 1981 78% of white American males of working age 55% of black American males of working age 47% of working fathers the therefore, I should say has not been a female only phenomenon Puerto Rico. I would argue that it is a consistent feature of our dependence on colonial life. 108 in disguise. So it's already illegal under the US flag, absentee agriculture, agricultural capitalism was followed by absentee Natural Capitalism. That's what's over. That's what we're mostly requiring an ever present and ever rising need for rolling out migration. I'm appalled, I go to meetings of the hunger principle to meet the planning board, the School of Planning, and the medical school social services in the medical school. This was a meeting in 1978. And all they could say, was the only thing that we could do for the amount of innocent people. And I kept asking, Well, you know, why don't we just get together and start thinking of doing something else? Or they can move to the United States at that particular opponent, there was more recession. Before I said, that they can find jobs there now. So why wouldn't the United States Well, while the economy will improve in the United States? And I said, Well, you can't depend on them, you know, so why don't we sort of try to think something else out? Well, in any case, that's what the government keeps still considered a very good idea. I would also like to make a short statement about the recipient in the newspaper in Puerto Rico in 1980. On the 11th of April, the day after the 10,000, humans said something Maria, and business were in the Caribbean, there were two items in a newspaper in Puerto Rico. One was the head of the planning board and the first date of government at that time, saying that every professional was the people who could not find a job to please go to the United States and join the Hispanic professionals of our great nation. And in another page of the same newspaper, there was a speech by a governor saying that every Cuban who wanted to come to Puerto Rico was welcomed with open arms to feed on etc. And I just kept saying to you that this was the only country in the world where these two things appear live the same. But anyway, the only apparent decline in unemployment in this century was between 1950 and 1960. And I would say that it was created by the first great emigration of 600,000, Puerto Ricans in 1945 to 55 in that period, whereas the population grew by 175,000, the working age population grew by only 29. So you'll see that people were leaving as fast as they got to be working age, mostly. And so that that made the by the way below is rate we kind of from employing us, but the government celebrated 30% that they can go down to 15%. So when we say that we have in Puerto Rico, social marginality made with Latin American precautions, pushed by North American solutions, food stamps, AFDC, rent allowances, the sorts of solutions that in this country, as opposed to provide for 10 to 15%, and most waivers in the population, but certainly not the 60% of the population 58% of the population. The problems I see towards the end of the century, are first, the continuous consideration of our own population and surplus. Personally, am only anatomist in this situation without going to a seminar. On Twitter, we can be fun. This was a demo. And I told them, I don't want to do any more diagnosis of what's wrong with the army, because I'm sick of hearing. You can tell me about the last 10 years at least 11. I want to hear what you have to say, what can be done about what plans you have. And some of our young students who are doing graduate work in, for example, Institute for development studies in England, have been studying the economy of Korea and the economy of Taiwan, the economy of Singapore, they're also expert platforms, but Korea and Taiwan are working very well. They have to deploy systems and so we're not particularly fond of, but they're working with their time. There are certain things for example, in most Korea and Taiwan they produce your own food, and therefore the workers will not need such high salaries in order to be able to survive because of tourists. But another thing is that both Korea and Taiwan we were told originally when forming the validity and model where they're following the Japanese model So they decide the government makes very strict planning decisions. They invite foreign companies, but they decide which companies they need, and how they're going to plan their funding. And a lot of these things should at least be thought about. I mean, I don't have a solution up my sleeve or anything of the thought. But I should think that we should, we should try to study what is going on what's well is working, and try to see if something can be done with Puerto Rico. Secondly, another problem I see is that the rise in the median age of population was from 21, in 1900 70, to 27 in 1900 80. And according to a model made by the planning school, it's going to be 39 by the year 2000. And that is because of two reasons. Reason, I mean, it occurs to me this because of two reasons, again, I would say as this one should have to make a much deeper study to be able to affirm it is absolutely only these two reasons. But one is that 24% of birth age females between the ages of 15 and 14 have been sterilized as a 1984 54%. The world record as a 1984 According to the Department of Health 54% mixture Unknown Speaker 41:28 of voluntary and involuntary Unknown Speaker 41:30 No, it is, I want to make it very clear, nobody pushed them in the sense of saying you have to do it or else nobody threatened them as I read at some point it happened in Mississippi for example, where poor women were told that I would take care of your of your of your pregnancy, if you sign this paper that when you have your baby will be sterilized, nothing will happen unfortunately, but the operation has in common with the lipo is altered by that then you have your first day now, in 70. Previously, it was offered to you that your third life. And now it's being given being offered to women of 19 and 20 and 21 when they have their first baby. The second thing, and obviously it's acceptable accepted. This is a framework with the creates problems, the greatest problems or women may not think of AI at the moment to the from the point of view of whether you're gonna stay in this marriage or whatever. Secondly, the second reason is the second arity of our immigration, that is Puerto Ricans, not all boys, but many Puerto Ricans emigrate to the United States in their working is and where he had multiple people two years, go back to Puerto Rico to the age of 50 or 60. And therefore, even though I know your population is aging, our population is aging much faster. And this is also something we worry about. And thirdly, any of the artificial legs on which the economy stands may disappear. And catastrophe is sure to follow by which I mean greater poverty than that moment. So therefore, I see that to talk about feminization of poverty, where the men who leave many times are no jobs, it's entirely case to put their children and while the export platform created by the multinational speakers, women employees, because women were pregnant, it was women with the less money and because women was not unionize. And this last one I have, I have checked a little bit I haven't done an extensive study because I have talked with three women and women in fact, in the last six years, and they tell me they will not unionize because they have a strike to factory leads quickly. And that has happened more than once. So, they are many of us. But whenever we talk in this in this kind of situation, we model over understanding of the poverty condition faced by men of the lowest strata of the working class and of the problems of classmates, nation, colonial condition, etc. All these problems which also affect the extent of poverty in New York on the island. So, it is not I insist that women are not suffering great. I think that we should look at it from several angles. The agenda, thank you. Unknown Speaker 44:49 Basically, I have Unknown Speaker 44:50 the same position basic position as convenience. Unknown Speaker 44:54 But in speaking I love this position of where we can win Unknown Speaker 44:57 here in The middle Atlantic region. Unknown Speaker 45:03 The feminization of poverty does appear to have some some mean the proportion of families rural poverty, headed by women increased from 51% meant in 70 to 70% 98. So more than two thirds of the families below 44 Rican families Unknown Speaker 45:28 in the middle Atlantic region Unknown Speaker 45:29 are headed. So the feminization Unknown Speaker 45:32 of poverty does have at least an empirical many years. So when I'm, and that was like, what I was referring to when I wrote this paper on Puerto Rican women in the middle Atlantic region, employment, employment. We also have jobs and communication of poverty. And we're just going to be published by Carlos Torres, who were the family members. In the commuters commuter syndrome, the current look at where we're at migration, Unknown Speaker 46:05 the coming months so. Unknown Speaker 46:12 So that's why I say that even Brooke portrays the forces that have been associated with what has been referred to as the decision of poverty in the United States. It is for women, women or middle Atlantic region. Although we are still beginning in this analysis, and you will not be able to provide a completely level elaborated classes on this issues. We will suggest some preliminary hypothesis instead of latest question of migrant polluted women to the labor market dynamics in which they have been involved and how these have affected the participation of Puerto Rican female heads of families. The plight of the majority of Puerto Rican women in the middle Atlantic shows that migration has not been a solution for their economic conditions. Denying the visions of the American dream. The economic status of Puerto Rican families in the mid Atlantic has continued deteriorating, relative to the totality of families in the area. Moreover, this determination must be explained by the increasingly difficult conditions continue to offer to the median family income deteriorated relative to the median income of all families in the area. And this decline was explained by the worsening income of Puerto Rican female headed families relative to that of total and Puerto Rican social work. It is because of this reason that poverty among Puerto Rican families has been attributed to particular conditions that will reconfigure the nation. It really sends a critical piece of what has been called the politicization of poverty. We're not going to enter here into a critique on the concept of cessation of poverty. But as you know, it has actually been referred to the fact that throughout the world, feminists headed by women have become an increasingly important of families living below poverty. We feel that a full discussion of the forces explaining Unknown Speaker 48:15 female family headship and a class analysis of what has been observed as a minimization of poverty must continue to deliver. Unknown Speaker 48:23 Our use of a concept is not meant to suggest that female heads of family or home groups, classes and straight up are equally likely to have neither do we mean to suggest that poverty is mainly a function of gender, as an isolated category does obscure the unity of the market dynamics, Unknown Speaker 48:40 which also explained to me a detailed analysis Unknown Speaker 48:48 of the tendencies of particular groups in the labor market and their relationship to each other is simply wanted, but could be addressed only in a limited way within the scope of this paper. Moreover, our discussion will refer to this minimization of poverty as a phenomenon observed in the United States region, the extent to which it has taken place in other areas and countries and the forces which explains its incidence there was also being less more appealing. And I realized that Unknown Speaker 49:21 even more when we started Unknown Speaker 49:23 dealing with the data for the week on how the decision is taken at a much slower rate and explain precisely because where we can male headed households are also super important. So this type of analysis will provide us with a better understanding of what has been observed as minimization of poverty in the United States. With this observations in mind when we will refer to us as minimization of poverty has been related to the growing incidence of families headed by women, which are more likely to report them And then. And we actually find that in it many female founders of all groups mineralised, which include the black or Hispanic, Unknown Speaker 50:11 and white Unknown Speaker 50:13 women were more likely to be for that job titles, and they were disproportionately concentrated Unknown Speaker 50:18 among families who have forward. Moreover, the growing incidence of female headed families and withdrawn for women is a tendency resulting in the humanization of progress. It is not surprising then that poverty among Puerto Ricans in the United States has been extensively attributed to the president the case of Puerto Ricans, we know that a family's Unknown Speaker 50:41 continuing a trend from the previous decade. While the proportion of female headed families in the region increased from nine to 4%. Increase from 27 to 40%. Where do we get families headed by women whereby 98 is similar in proportion to the black population, we start the rebound who have more women's heads of family. Still, where the Ricans were by far the most likely to be poor among all the groups of Europeans. They also have the highest representation among the groups families. Furthermore, while the probability of poverty and although female headed families remained relatively stable, around 30%, from 1970 to 98, it increased dramatically from 58 to 68%, among poorer families, so 68% of families headed by women in the middle of man are below poverty that is practically the same proportion as Puerto Rican family input among Puerto Ricans, the shocking feminization of poverty has intensified not only by the increasing proportion of female headed Unknown Speaker 52:05 families, which is Unknown Speaker 52:06 definitional explanation, but by the growing likelihood of this fabulous to be knowledge. So this raises some questions in terms of whether humanization of poverty must be related. attributed to financial hardship, the incidence of poverty in Puerto Rican families, first of all begs the question of why should poverty there the question of burning of the 100 families alone. But it should also suggest the questions of why Puerto Rican family are today even more likely to be poor than the previous data, and why the extent of the poverty is greater than that of all. The fears that the industrial restructuring so the socio demographic shifts in the middle Atlantic have led Puerto Rican women and particularly Puerto Rican, female and substandard, disproportionately a stagnant and potential labor reserves whose declining employment in recently less than in conditions of poverty. Now, we're going to read like a brief theoretical presentation of the role of women migrants in the labor markets and you can understand those. in Cabo search for higher levels of accumulation different mechanisms come into play in order to lower labor costs, while increasing macro marketing, marketing and production. psychological development, and organizations of the labor process have historically been the main mechanisms used to displace workers and permanently maintain a labor reserve industrial reserve army who stopped petition exerts a downward pressure on Aaron. Nevertheless, the expansion of this labor reserves has been made possible not only by the relative declines in employment, which we can station but by the incorporation of new groups of workers. As capitalists penetration destroys economic alternatives, and makes employment when necessary for subsistence. Labor costs declined even further when this moves can be employed as cheaper labor to fill the lowest paid positions. This becomes particularly necessary when the bargaining power and resistance of other workers made them unavailable for these jobs, such as the meaning of employment of women, migrants and minorities, as well as the nationalization of production. Alternatives to the labor market such as housework was when the so called informal economy and state benefits bring up workers struggles and are imposed by linens to employ mid and low salaries. This may constitute a subsidy for employers who do not pay the higher salaries this workers components are paid through this other sources of work. This complements however, also a source of resistance for workers with this alternate. So the lower paid positions need to be constantly continuously reconstituted. The labor pool of these lower paid positions then must continuously look for new groups. To fill this, the lower paid positions and women migrants and minorities who are at a disadvantage in terms of employment opportunities are the groups that continuously feel this lower end of ladder. Workers therefore compete not only as individuals but as members of particular socio demographic aggregates, such as six will say, really gender, family status, race or national origin. Different groups are incorporated and displaced, competing among themselves and succeeding each other as a supply for the job spheres of demand or their demand for labor. Discrimination has fit into the capitalist mechanism of generating unemployed labor reserved as a deliverer of accumulation. By expanding this reserve in order to fill the lowest paid jobs, or to undermine earnings in the jobs. With employment cuts as an increasing tendency, it may become less necessary to have workers suffering discrimination in order to directly displace workers. In many cases, the competition of workers who are discriminated against as we mitigated by the process of disappearing and development of the jumping or which have made them these positions less attractive to minors and women have therefore responded to the growing demand of lower paid jobs, which otherwise would have been forced to increase their level of earnings. Unknown Speaker 57:05 They have also entered decline in economic sectors which require this cheaper labor to maintain stable employment. In other words, they haven't come to their decades place on the workers, but to feel a labor demand in lower paid positions in the process of labor market segmentation, as the new set continues, respond to the demand of jobs at the lowest pay levels. Although workers set a ceiling towards by remaining as a reserve competing in higher paid jobs, earnings may in this way be restrained throughout the total job structure, even when a paid parent hierarchy is maintained. So we have therefore, a labor market, which through this illegal concentration of groups and groups have different levels of earnings appears as segmented lines of sex, race, national origin, or other sort of weapon characteristics. Different groups have seen each other in the process of computation, which even if none of direct displacement, limits the possibilities of employment of all groups, and extends downward pressure on the arguments of all work. So this is like kind of a function of labor markets, invitation or role migrants and minorities and women, particularly. The history of the middle Atlantic region, can be considered in many ways as prototypical of this class leading to the integration of migrants, minorities and women. Up to the 1950s. The Northeast was in the question industrial commercial center of capitalism. In the United States, manufacturing and employment was centered in this region unless you're graphically linked commercial, financial and service jobs generated by the economic development of the area. Even as its economic power was being contested by movement of capital out of the region. And a standard system full automation and runaway shops led to the claim most to a middle skilled manufacturing. The Middle Atlantic and particularly the New York Region, remained the center of the largest corporate headquarters and evolved into financial commercial service economy. A lover and consequence of these trends has been the change in the socio demographic composition of the labor. The lowering of labor costs required in order to increase accumulation and to face the ongoing crisis has been achieved not only by employment cuts, but was by the continuing employment of women, minorities and migrants as additional contingents. It has been their labor which has allowed a lowering of the cost imposed by the special over predominantly unproductive sphere of clerical and sales. It has also been their labor which has provided for the expansion of professional social and personal services. In the new spheres of accumulation based on the extensive use of low paid workers, it has also been there will work which has provided for the survival of the sweatshops and low level manufacturing. The expansion of the emerging commercial financial service industrial structure became the increase of female employment. The slight increase increase in total labor force participation in the area from 1970 to 1980. Must be explained for great extent by the higher increase in female labor force participation. The deployment of male householders declined share. Well, even with the advent of the crisis, that of their household holders remain relatively stable. The process of declining manufacturing employment imply the loss of relatively higher paid jobs which disproportionately affected the employment of men. We're not going to enter into the into this in this discussion. But it points to where Camilla was saying about how these fronts are so unified and they affect both men and women, although in different ways. Given this context of growing employment, it is striking that contrary to the trend for other women were weakened female labor force participation actually declined from 1960 to 1970. That is the main concern among social and political analysts imaginating the like labor market activity of Puerto Rican women was still limited when compared to other groups of women immigrants in the region was still 30 or 30%. Unknown Speaker 1:01:43 Whereas for other groups, it was a Unknown Speaker 1:01:44 nice body into Santa Rosa it was found that for Rican women showed lower labor force participation than white women, even when controlling for education, fertility and other individuals breathlessness. Those analysis based mainly on individual characters does offer a limited explanation of this stable, low labor force participation in discussion must therefore be referred to the labor market conditions in the middle of men were women on the various groups were inaugurated this place limited employment as they became the labor supply of particular jobs for years. Now, let us begin by analyzing the tendencies that explain why Puerto Rican female employment has not continued declining from 1970 to 1980, even if it's still very low, compared to other books. The changes in occupational industrial structure, which is described here, you have resulted in an upgrading of educational requirements with a middle Atlantic region stable market, even if these occupations have actually been this theme. For the weekend, and other migrant women were indeed limited in the renders to the growing professional clinical consensus of the patients. Because of their low lower levels of education. They can rapidly higher education of many white women. And the fact that as women they have done this positions since the beginning of the century, made them the most likely target for labor demand to restrain wage levels when disputations expand even on a growing job, so we're capitalists and we post them as to employment, which tended to maintain an available labor reserve, holding down earnings. As economic expansion dried up the most available bigger reserves and improve workers bargaining conditions during the 1960s. There was a heightening of of their demands and struggles this period of workers missing workers demands educational grading and the resistance of employment and employed workers to further intensify competition resulted in a relatively rigid earning structure. Even when women and other groups of workers suffering discrimination resisted the role of direct on the maintenance of wage levels. These conditions and as the economy slowed down, labor demanding jobs requiring higher and higher education slack so that they're not they did not increase at a rate capable of absorbing all the available higher educated women. So even if it's true that higher educated women had higher opportunities of employment, they did. Not all not all higher educated women had originally not done enough jobs require in higher education to feel the supply. But supply and fire to get an innovative were weakened another migrant and minority women became the most affected by those limits in employment opportunities. The limit also jumps requiring higher education and the availability of white one men to fill the prison positions may explain the lower labor force participation of Puerto Rican women even at higher levels of education. Still, as resistance builds up, who continues are called upon to reconstitute labor reserves and maintain our earnings even when there are other books available. So, we find that even more limited than whites, women of all groups responded to the demand in the growing professional third party service applications. So, this is why wherever we can, Rican women did not continue to decline in labor force participation afternoon sent in a growing certification among Puerto Rican women. Those participation participating in the labor force, in fact have appeared to some extent as The Select Group entering the highlights of mental occupational sphere of what the limited patient was waiting on Puerto Rican women from 1970 to 1980 was accompanied in fact by an increased labor force participation and this increased labor force participation was a response to have hired women to the expanding clerical sales and professional employment. This occupational shift must be considered in relation to the scaling and decline economic sense of growing white collar professions, but may still be considered a relatively more positive position among the still small group of employed for the weakest link. So we have here that we have a like a small slit operation when that was our input. Unknown Speaker 1:06:48 Okay, work side by side. When we consider the status of an employer is relatively positive. This must be seen side by side the larger both are those who remain in a stagnant and potential reserves out of moving environment. If I only get a Puerto Rican women are still limited in their low into Bo and white collar patients. lower educated Puerto Rican women have been the most middle field political pitch by the loss of manufacturing jobs in the region. Where Rican women actively responded to the demand in textile and other labor intensive manufacturing industries, already contested by one away shops out of the area in 1951 inconvenience for the Unknown Speaker 1:07:34 mass population. Unknown Speaker 1:07:37 In that decade, 1950 were women women showed the labor force participation rate of 40%, the highest for all groups of women in the United States except the Japanese. So as already mentioned, however, contrary to the transfer all other groups, Puerto Rican women then declined dramatically labor force participation, particularly for men and 6070. Today, differences in Puerto Rican female labor force participation among cities from an artistic 1969 to 70 were found to be accounted for not by the characteristics of Puerto Rican women, but by differences in labor demand among cities, particularly the labor demand is over in some occupations, where Puerto Rican women were the most highly concentrated. The declining labor force participation in women was found to be explained predominantly by the decline opportunities for those two women in the New York area. The most intense we hit 500 losses in manufacturing. It was New York in the New York area, which will reconfigure labor force participation declined, not in other states. So although still an important source of employment, employment, particularly for Island born Puerto Ricans, by 1980, the highest proportion of Puerto Rican women in the middle man, were no longer found to be holding over some patients with this decline in Oberstdorf mutations. Now, it is within this context, that we must understand the welfare benefits. Nevertheless, as jobs requiring low levels of education disappeared, the availability of welfare benefits became a factor to consider in the labor supply offered by women. In the context of declining economic alternatives, and higher accepted rates in the welfare for worker benefits, it has been found that the labor force participation of both males and females was slowing in New York City's health areas with higher AFDC incidence. This of course, does not be considered as voluntary withdrawal but as a response to the job displacement, stay on the availability of welfare benefits and other benefits such as The former appears to have a love for the weekend and black women for stability of subsistence without undermining arrogance in remaining jobs. The labor market activity of Puerto Ricans and other workers limit in suffering discrimination was limited to responding to labor demand lower paying jobs, it did not intensify competition to the point of worsening the jobs levels of remuneration. Given the subprime resistance to undermining earnings, which capital would have required in this crisis, it was undergoing labor reserves had to be reconstituted to fill demand in the lowest pay positions. The lower labor force participation of Puerto Rican women was Dustin's will must thus be related to still another tendency in the labor market. The availability and succession of lower pay continues. Where do we get women, we're actually entering growing spheres of service occupations. Still black women had historical responded to demand in lower paid services in the region. And they remain the most highly concentrated in the service of the patients and 98. So lower educated where we can women would intensify competition. With a ready supply of black women already concentrated in this jobs if they had moved further into this occupations. Jobs in which were Ricans were concentrated where on the other hand, become increasingly open to other Hispanic workers from 1960 to 1970. When Reagan women declined in employment as upwards from 97 to 1980, Cuban and other Spanish women had higher labor force participation, and were disproportionately employed in this occupations as overuse 98. He appears that as we reconfigure them force participation has become insufficient to the regular minor earnings. Although Hispanic women have been taken the role as diverse apply for operatives applications. So is this what we're doing is another Hispanics which account for the survival of the sweatshops involved with that. So, it is within this context of limited jobs, and incorporation of new groups of workers that the role of Puerto Rican women are staggering and potential level reserves must be understood. And this particularly true of female heads of family Unknown Speaker 1:12:35 with the exception of Puerto Ricans female as a family, where a higher proportion of employed householders under poverty than their proportion proportionate in their response to labor demand immediate services and variable manufacturing, Visa poverty emerald non Puerto Rican Hispanics, Blacks and even wefting heads of household is explained not only by their exclusion from employment with by the level of earnings over human geography. Unknown Speaker 1:13:52 40% on the side it was apparently Puerto Rican women in other family status, daughters wives, which increase in employment over the decades. This finding is consistent with our previous research suggesting that more than Puerto Rican wives was Puerto Rican female that sometimes were most active in the labor force and various things and the most affected by the loss of low skilled jobs in the middle meant addressing the situation seems to be characteristic of violent worker we can feel his offend those more likely to be the labor supply for cooperatives occupations near the certification between employers where we can women concentrated in more adequate jobs which we mentioned earlier. And those out of the labor force has thus become a reflected in a polarization of Puerto Rican women in different family status. And between Puerto Rican families of different types. It appears to be reflected in a poll of husband wives families with employed householders, and include relatively in economic status, at least in part because of the growing proportion of employment among them. The other poll is, of course, the unemployed and the medical employed man householders, but particularly the growing proportion of Puerto Rican female heads of family maintained disproportionately out of employment under conditions Unknown Speaker 1:15:25 of poverty and attendance. Unknown Speaker 1:15:28 This administration of poverty must be understood as the inevitable consequence of employment conditions so suffered by working women relative to men in their classes great because we refer to the labor market dynamics which maintain all workers subjective and those are the most diverse groups as labor reserves. And in those positions, most intensely caged by the loss of jobs, poverty and reconfigure that's a family is critically related to the planning and the planning deployment which leaves them offering the work in the domestic sphere or in the so called informal, informal. Poverty Mr. Jr. has a family more key than a migrant and minority calls attention to the discrimination, the chain of subordination, by sex race, national origin is still prevalent in the labor. The suppression of Puerto Rican women however, also suggests that capitalist limits to employment are a critical barrier to overcome in order to face this poverty and discrimination under the personnel system. It is the presence of this in labor reserve this industrial reserve, which maintains a constant oversupply of workers and scarce competition among workers of different groups in the labor market, it has discretion and competition which leads so slower in a chain of subordination such as women, as the most disadvantaged offering the work out of the labor market or in the lowest paid jobs, the struggles for equity would have to include social and economic transformation. So a system based on legacy employment, which in this way reduces competition and environment. Unknown Speaker 1:17:25 All right, for example, changes with regard to stripe credit, there was a Chinese government, the Chinese government went on strike it became an academic contribution for the Jewish minorities same with post jobs. Unknown Speaker 1:17:46 I was when I was talking about the theoretical part, I was suggesting it does not Unknown Speaker 1:17:52 need to be the kind of competition Unknown Speaker 1:17:55 that the competition is Unknown Speaker 1:18:00 thank you Unknown Speaker 1:18:01 much more direct way because to maintain that kind of strike braking is more difficult for the smooth functioning of the system. So what happens is that certain jobs are we particularly those jobs are increasing demand a particular group of workers, particularly lower paper, so that they can maintain the lower than they think. And this this job becomes like the particular sphere of this book. So it is like an indirect competition. It's not it, which does nothing either based on the type of competition does take place, and that's historical. But the other one is the most, I would say, the most revenue, most common. Unknown Speaker 1:19:02 One comment and then one question, the comment is the women's Bureau, the Department of Labor did a study of some immigrant population families. About two years ago, they looked at patient family for raping Unknown Speaker 1:19:14 Asian Unknown Speaker 1:19:16 couple of Asian groups. And one of the things they found is the women were the most likely to find employment. In many, many situations, this isn't a family. And this was pretty much because of the reasons that you described with the new jobs. The jobs that were generated were very low wage jobs, but they were also becoming sex time, in the sense of being offered to jobs, etc. Now, what's confusing me, and I think a lot of people that are worrying about these issues is how do we separate out the single female head of household what do we mean for the woman who maintains the family and I'd be interested And what since this category used or how you define this? Is this divorced, separated, widowed? And single? Or single? And is it possible that that number has grown? And then what do we know about? What do we know about Puerto Rican women? Since 1960? Has the number Unknown Speaker 1:20:23 of female female heads Unknown Speaker 1:20:25 of household wrong? What do we know about Unknown Speaker 1:20:28 that? 70 was not my own mistake, but I'm just Unknown Speaker 1:20:36 sending 60 by the 1970 280 increase from 27% to 40%. Of the Unknown Speaker 1:20:46 other family, the category, okay Unknown Speaker 1:20:49 was below 60 to 77 40% 40% Unknown Speaker 1:20:54 of the families in Puerto Rican Unknown Speaker 1:21:01 families in the United States are headed that way. As the black population Unknown Speaker 1:21:08 went up from 27, Unknown Speaker 1:21:11 and 21% percentage of the population is Puerto Rican at this moment in time. Unknown Speaker 1:21:21 Representative of population Well, New York City in New York City of the Unknown Speaker 1:21:25 working to happen. Unknown Speaker 1:21:32 Well, it's actually in the middle of winter. Unknown Speaker 1:21:37 I think it must be around 10 to 15%. Unknown Speaker 1:21:43 To the black population in the States, Unknown Speaker 1:21:47 is it about it's about? Unknown Speaker 1:21:51 I'm interested in the why why the increase serves? And then to what extent would higher levels of education among women solve these kinds of problems? And the culturally, are higher levels of education feasible, because of the position that women have employers in society Unknown Speaker 1:22:17 have something to say about that? I mean, I can't give you percentages, I have to go back and look at the percentages. But as to the position, women have been for the weekend society, the education of women was one of the most important things of building up American Colonization of Puerto Rico, because we for Americans came to where the Rico, women all classes would have, if they had any third grade education imparted by two that went to the house. And I am speaking of women whose fathers were seen, though, would you think would have had better education was it was taught that women only had to know how to read, write and add and subtract. And then after that, they the piano enjoyed the class. So when the university began, first, it was a moment Unknown Speaker 1:23:16 Normal School originally, Unknown Speaker 1:23:17 university, we have no. And the first, one of the interesting things I find is the first graduating class was just nine members, it was six women and three men. And of course, it was because they were putting the teachers in the University of Puerto Rico today, I can't tell you what percentage of women are professionals in Puerto Rico, I should know. When we invest to Puerto Rico, more than 50% of the professor's are women, Unknown Speaker 1:23:44 but they don't have the higher position versus Unknown Speaker 1:23:47 no, they don't know. except occasionally there are some things we're not represented here. And, and also, I would always tell the governor of Puerto Rico, we just been without assay, saying that there's no Texas because looking at women, I say that people want to pay us. Because obviously, the amount of money received is really more like a second salary. And the male professors are either married to doctors and lawyers and so on and so forth, or the wonder of the university professors, awesome. Two samples they can make. And on the other hand, I mean, I don't think that there is a cultural bias against education. So we're certainly not in this century. And that is one of the things also in there another question somebody asked, related to religion because of the percentage of sterilization that I mentioned. We're both the Ricans have a very clear that's another American value, shall we say that they have accepted very, they'll be the church and state, like two different things. They're not going to Are they? But I don't know whether that will apply so much to even the nation into originally. Population because now is the 1970s. We have also a lot of Unknown Speaker 1:25:20 professionals anyway. The so called Brain Drain Yeah. Okay, in a full bag. Unknown Speaker 1:25:26 But Unknown Speaker 1:25:29 in addition to the, to the professional population, and many more who do not have an education? Yes. So that it's my question lands? Yes. Logic Unknown Speaker 1:25:44 are the most important because there's more female than possible because now the female heads of household earlier, are different. You have older children. Now that all because I literally have to show you Unknown Speaker 1:25:57 is that one of the Unknown Speaker 1:26:02 reasons for the growth? I guess it depends on the group. And when we're weakens, I think that it even stinks. I think that's an issue divorces the situation? Unknown Speaker 1:26:20 And do you think that's because of the conscientious ation of women that want to be more independent? Okay, Unknown Speaker 1:26:27 as I said, In the beginning of the, of the paper, as I was doing this paper, I realized the need to really focus on this particular problem of communication, as we'll call it, and one of the issues of has to be addressed is are the forces that go into the formation of these families, I suggest very generally, that economic instability and also dissatisfaction with traditional roles is are related to this to this breakup of normal hospital families. So this is, again, one of the issues that has to be addressed is, is, is it that women that become parents of household come to be poor? Or is it that a general situation of poverty promotes negative relationships and unstable relationships, and that many times women come to see that they are better off in Unknown Speaker 1:27:48 serial marriages? Or are in sporadic relationships? For us, even it's alone? Unknown Speaker 1:28:02 I was asked me a different kind of question, which I think has to do with you know, what does it mean for you to be giving this kind of talk at a women's conference, okay, and hopefully, not only needs to be, you know, as academics, but as, as concerned for how does the women's movement address these problems, not just study them, as you were saying your signal higher than economics? Economists do everything I'm sick and tired of academics in general. So, the, I think that both of your talks in different ways got to some very difficult theoretical practical question, when you raise at the end, what kind of model and you were talking about the need for if if there are less jobs the whole context that you were speaking in, raises the need for transformation system. And in the the thing is that with increased automation since the end of World War Two, there's really when say that there's an increase in jobs but those jobs are part time service sector jobs that are all leading people to be more able to be below the poverty level and working as per se. And the women's movement doesn't have a great record on dealing with these issues. For instance, one of the most significant organizations clue only organize the only dealt with women's issues for the organized but what about the unorganized Unknown Speaker 1:29:47 so so what I want to Unknown Speaker 1:29:51 write and then I'm working on working me unemployed, and and yet there have been instances of He struggles ever since the end of World War Two against automation, where there was an increasing division between the union leadership and the workers themselves. As far as what they understood, automation will leave for workers. Unknown Speaker 1:30:14 Okay, so it was self self determined, self determined Unknown Speaker 1:30:17 struggle. In this point in time in the 80s, there's a gulf in the union movement between leadership and and I would, I would argue also in that includes union movement Unknown Speaker 1:30:34 as it relates to the women's movement. Unknown Speaker 1:30:37 So I want to ask you to what, what kinds of struggles are going on from below? Both both here and there. I know some in this country of like, Hispanic women shops, for fun and saying no, like, I don't care what this Ristic I'm not gonna, we're not gonna let these we're not going to get up concessions or whatever anymore. And that's happening in the New York area. At the same time, what is the women's movement doing? In Puerto Rico? I know, Greg, per se. So Unknown Speaker 1:31:13 I have I have seen it, come to it very, very recently, as a first student of international relations, and then a student of political sociology I was doing, I just finished my dissertation last year with politics are federally financed in Puerto Rico. And they appear that the differentiation of the men and women not very much, so we refer the question as well, it's more like a woman's name is doing Puerto Rico, but she is more involved Unknown Speaker 1:31:46 and interested in the actual struggles and the theoretical question of how does how do intellectuals or Unknown Speaker 1:31:52 academics or academics or whatever relate to this, okay. First here, because I know less of what his vision is here right now, but I think it would need to of course, one thing that was mentioned presentations this morning, the issues that have of course, employed working are important Unknown Speaker 1:32:28 because they ate even if in the case of Puerto Rican women, it is not as high as some other groups, it's still Unknown Speaker 1:32:38 an increasing proportion Unknown Speaker 1:32:43 of the Unknown Speaker 1:32:44 employed population among workers both here and there, women are and Unknown Speaker 1:32:53 that shapes in the occupational structure, Unknown Speaker 1:32:59 we will have to deal with the organizing particularly of Unknown Speaker 1:33:06 office workers, which is Unknown Speaker 1:33:11 a group which traditionally the labor movement kind of has forgotten. And the and their particular demands in general, of course, it leads to demands in terms of the Unknown Speaker 1:33:28 COVID don't shift, Unknown Speaker 1:33:31 demand for Unknown Speaker 1:33:32 childcare facilities and Unknown Speaker 1:33:36 demand for Unknown Speaker 1:33:38 flexible hours, just as much as for higher salaries. And women because women do have this other particularly particular issues, employment, and it would have to deal with issues such as sexual harassment which are again, particularly for women and feminists, woman and labor movement must address this issues given that women who send a higher proportion of population but in the case of Puerto Rican women, Unknown Speaker 1:34:20 in particular, Unknown Speaker 1:34:24 this digit six would lead us to deal not only with us, demands, the demands of employment are those that are ours.