Unknown Speaker  00:05
Wake up suppose I'm going to speak the whole thing is, is my name is Anna Ballard bah, bah, bah, we spell it. And I,

Unknown Speaker  00:40
usually I teach in the university I used to teach right and television. But as I became a congresswoman, I just gave up my dedication to the university. And so I'm trying to make politics that is not something easy to do. And because I think this is one of the business more up to the men all over the wall, but also, I realized in the United States too, as far as I realized the number of humans that really are making politics. So when I was not doing real history, let's say that I understand in history because I have, I have also studied history. I gave I, you know, I wrote a small paper, and this paper was trying to explain, you know, the evolution about the woman's right in Spain under the Frankie's, and the struggle of the rights that we had under the Republic. This is really just, I'm going to make a little bit of a ongoing just to say a little bit of him, just to put the reality of today. So in some minutes only to tell you that, you know, we the Spanish we have been always living on the moving situation. That means that our career periods of democracy have been always very short. In spite the periods where author is these men not liberties were on this is usually these the background of our history, but I should say one of the longest is especially because he's one of the nears he was the 40 years that we go, we were under Franco regime, you know, Franco just they fight against what we call the legality was the Republic legality, we win the elections, the Republicans win the elections, and then here struggle, all the rights and put down all the laws, just to make your little bit thinking about that, on the Republic, we got divorce in my in the part of the country where I live it it means Catalonia This is on the east of the country, North East of the country, we used to we approve allow of abortion, and to tell you this happened the night in 32. So, it was really quite wide progress, even that moment of the history. After we will go after the world, he just laid out all the rights. And the main thing to know is that is she forbidden he

Unknown Speaker  03:22
forbade he forbade to be able to make politics to associate and he sees it as something else that is quite interesting is that he choose that the sonic search to be what he called the official church. And so all the lives that must be approved must have the point of view of the official Catholic Church. Sir, the Catholic point of view was, you know, was the point of reference of everything. So, abortion was not permitted. Divorce was not permitted. We make a politics of what we call to get to get more people. So especially also because we just lost a lot of people during the world, but the wall but you know, it was a sort of, they try to make a sort of premium for as many children as you have. So for sure because of this and also because the Catholic Church didn't allow it to it was not permitted to make to make brief control and anything of that. Also, the city was really very patriarchal, very hierarchic and it is clear that men is the height of the house and that the names of the of the songs and daughters, the men give them and in case you are a married woman you were you were married woman. You were not able sometimes to If I put the names of your own in the children, that there is this happened at the beginning of the year. What has happened, this is where we are with the situation. And also just to tell you that the education of women, they just keep it in the exclusivity to what we call fallen Hey, you know, it was the, the fascism, the party of the fascist. And it was beloved Primo de Rivera, that means the sister of one of the main have that has the priority of looking after the girls. And she use and education and anything. This has to find a view one political so it means they teach you how to be able to Spanish from here they are the view. And the second, they are used to teach you how you must be a good woman. And also, what do you have to do and what you don't have to do. And especially they emphasize that, you know that the woman is just what we call the rest of the warrior, you know that thing. And you must not try to just be the same as men, because this is not our destiny. So this is one of the thing, just to see that the people of my generation we grow up and came in no situation is very easy. At the point of view of feminism and woman's right. What has happened in Spain in the last two years. Well, in the last two years. That means from 1977, maybe before also 1975 immittance. Rectify, we do have Yes, yes, Travia will say but the remaining 7511 Is he making 75 You remember, the United Nations said that was the International Year of women and men deployment in a span, we still had the dictatorship of women, they required and they didn't want to work with the authorities, because they were not democratic and they were against the woman's right, that's clear, they only want to put something official to, you know, to wash the face, they will start very strong movement, I should say that the spread all over the country. And it's more of making discussion. And so functions about what was to be a woman in his spine, which were the rise we would like to have and do not have excetera

Unknown Speaker  07:26
I should say that this flow, this should flow grow up and flow very well. And one year later. And especially in Barcelona, that is the capital of this part of the country, we make a very big conference of women's conference, they should say really was very successful, and so successful that the lads have, you know, the the extra tools start to move on with a week. And then you know, you always know that you are successful when men get afraid. And if they really get afraid and start to worry, that means that you are on the rise in the right way. So we really start to worry a lot. And so it means we were all right and the right way from time to time appears. And though we should say the woman's mother, my name is Spain. And I started to go and to grow and to to be seen to be seen because I told mom and it was possible to make great money on and to you know, just to make discussion was from them. So I should say that from 77 to 80. That means the first five years, what will be what we did in Spain, it was to resolve some of the problem legal problems that we have not all but some of the legal problems or we have those things in after the first election that is in the 77. For the first time, we got free elections in Spain, and the camera, the Congress, what they they were wanting to do. They say we are a constitution, Canada, where we're going to make a new constitution. And the new constitution just for the first time. Set the law, something's very important for us it is established the equality between men and women, for a bit not to be tied differently. Men and women establish that humans have the same rights to education, to the boat, to the legality to anything. And also they just they just leave the official religion as a cathodic. They don't say Spanish is a cathodic country because we thought it was like that. You You are cathodic or you are not. That's the thing. So that means that we we try to get what to make this torrents of advice, you know, the civil society, not so close to religion and not, of course, not close to the one religion, even if it is the majority in Spain, this is of course Catholic. And this means that we have settled the point, the main point is to make a change with our constitution. So, what happened? Secondly is that some, some, some behaviors that were considered, were punish, well, then they were not. And that moment, they became more blatantly, but they lost the the punishment. I don't know if I explained because my English is not so good. For instance, if a woman were a married woman, when with another man, in my country, that means that shingles is the right of the children choose everything. And especially what happen is that to, to find now that you have been a daughter, for a woman, it was only necessary to demonstrate on the civil call God, our signal that he was with him, I mean, just follow, you know, yes, you don't go inside the house or something like that. But to the receiver, the man did the same thing, you should find that on the bed and just doing the thing, otherwise, it was not demonstrated. So that was a summary of the very difference down to the consideration of the typology of the the length. And also, there is another thing, quite important, it was planning. I mean, if the moon frame the woman, he said, he could go to the justice and say, so I should win prison, formally, she will be in prison. So this is the power of view of what we were used to say, the interference of the state and the private life of the people. Because the state must not punish what is a private conduct. So this is another thing you are writing with your husband, or if you agree, being like that of online, that the state must not bake in deflation about private things. That's something also over the homosexuality. And so

Unknown Speaker  12:20
we're having that moment. He said, We give I mean, this sort of thing, we're not punish. And also another thing is that there is control, I mean, pills and some things like that, whether fannish, because after, after a moment, it will punish I mean, I suppose that you were taking pills only as a medicine to make a revelation but not as a preventive to not to get not to have children. So from the 77, to the 80, from the 75 to 80, we make a lot of change. In that sense, we reform our Civil Code. And then we we also make gains, bring that out of the box. That I think is the main point. After time, after they there is still some things to be done, and things to be done as, for example, you know, the to make law about abortion. And this thing became only two years ago, one and a half ago, it really does allow that if you compare it with other countries is not really very bad. It's maybe not good enough. But what happened is that in our parliament that resembles that you cannot bring them out, even if you have the majority, because you have to have two thirds of the total. And even we were the socialists, we were in government at that time, and we are still out and we had the maturity, we will not have enough. So we had to share with other groups. And at that point, our propose was to bring to bring up alone about to allow the version in case of Bill in case that the mother could die in case of the children was muffin error. Also, we wanted to put economic reasons, but economic reasons were not accepted. And we had what we should say is not bad. But most are batting good that depends of how you run, how you really want them to run. And this is the point I was one I will like to just tell you now, that I should say that the from the point of view of legality. We are now really one of the countries in the world, that the legality between men and women are better settled. We have signed all the papers about the United Nations Since about the rights of women, well, we are one of the few countries that we have signed all of them about legality and salaries legality in trade, man. You know, it has to, it adds to maternity everything we have done. And we have transformed quite a lot of our lives. What we're having now, is something that used to save lives, if love is necessary, but it's not enough, you must make those one. And for instance, one of the example that the film doesn't run, as we will like it, is the abortion law.

Unknown Speaker  15:41
A version in the sense, the love for meat, I wish, I knew it wouldn't be the best thing in the world. But things will run. And a lot of women wouldn't have such a lot of problems. But there is a strong opposition, a very strong opposition about what I say the corporation the corporate the feelings of Madison's lawyers, justice. And so even the powers when you run, when you go when say they beyond me, they you know, it's so difficult to demonstrate that there is a lot of women that just give up. And then maybe they have to choose to go some other countries near to Spain to make about what do we think that is the result of this visual to reveal that we have done a lot. But this is not enough, we must do much more than we would send? First of all, we should try to incorporate women's to the social and political life. This is one thing that for instance, you don't have a lot of woman's making politics, but American woman's are very incorporating the social and political life, this is something you can see, I mean, a lot of professional women, you know, you are really and we are very well organized. And you know, the thing I found, well maybe doesn't see the thing so bad, as if you seek to the other one, and then look back to you. But then in I have seen here as far as you know, it's not the first time I come, I can hear. But there's still this weekend here, I had been in touch with a lot of organization of women here. And really scrolling, it's going at least it's not powerful that we are I don't know the relative, but you seem more powerful than we are. So we think that we should, you know, we should try to do something in the same way. That means to be strong enough to not to change your lungs, just make them run, just to move them that drive really are really and they follow it. And I feel that artistic way is not a bad way. Another thing to tell you is that so when we see we must put woman's more intel, social, political and cultural life, to tell me something is that the number of woman's that for Ruth is our member of the trade unions in Spain, it's for a long, it's really very low, we shouldn't be more than 7% of the of the total members of the trade unions, the number of women's that do belong to a political party in Spain, the big politics in our inside political party, I don't see very few, it should be something about 12% No more, some parties or more, maybe the Socialist Party should be maybe 16 or 17. But this is really nothing. rooms that look after being representative in cultural association specials association. So there are really very few. I mean, we still have to match the model of woman as a household keeper. And so that means that on the wheel life, we are not strong enough to change things or to make things go as we last experience, and yum, yum, just finishing. It is the political experience. Just the opposite of what you should have expected.

Unknown Speaker  19:06
We had now three elections, and the number of woman's instead of getting it written down. So that means that after the first iteration where everything you know, it seems all the first selections and everything is possible. And the number of women were quite high. I feel there are several reasons. One of them is because the 75 So 1975 was a very far and we make we did a lot of movements in the year of the International Year of the Woman of the women. So I'm 77 the number of women that tried to get in politics and getting least was not good, but it has been coming down. And you know also quite important point important is that we have classlist abuse for the CFO, the Congress. We are in for the Senate, you can choose the leader You can choose the name and world wherever you like, have a big list. And the paper is put alphabetic in the list and just say the name and they say the party they belong. So you can choose, but in the form arrays, and you go to lists with your your you make an option for the party. And then what happened is that the bolts, the boards, Ash, the in this distribution are on that sense. So the first is the one that became Congress. And then the second and then the third, that depends on the number. And could happen having the reality is that politics is for men, and the ones that are in the top of the political party are also men. So they took the waist on the size, they put themselves first. And that's clear, and will happen also is that they used to put women because we met pressure. And also because I think they fill in bad, they realize that they are not right. And they're in the bad conscience, but they put the women from the middle of the lease going down. So without many possibilities to succeed. And the demonstration of that is in the in the three elections, we have the number of women that became Congresswoman at the beginning, that means the day after the election was growing. And the years are wild wings pass by, right. So one of the reason is because some of the men's, maybe they decide to run for local elections, or they decide to run for the autonomy, Parliament that should be something like your state parliament. And so I'll become governments or something and then give up and then the woman's coming. So at the beginning of the elections, we are usually advice. For instance, we are we were in the Congress in the president, we were in October of 1982, we were 18. And now we are 22. Some of some of the things also because some men also die during that period McCamey This is the real Trump. Just to tell you something that this is whatever you think about the Spain, if you will study and you compare the number of woman's that are in the parliament's of the what we call the European community isn't doesn't look much better. It looks better. For instance, for them, man that is on the top 23% of women in the Parliament. It looks better for Luxembourg. And for Norway. Yeah. And it looks better for Virgin. But there is something and for Ireland, that's something very interesting. The number of women's Irish woman's usually make politics more than than others. And one of the things you realize is that the Spang from if you if you say how many women's are in Congress in Senate together, the person is 5.2 this is the person but the results in that will lead you to know glad Britain goes back for 5.1 and France go back. And also Greece. And Italy goes a little bit farther, but totally was 5.3. So, you know, this is something that should be discussed.

Unknown Speaker  23:40
Dubai, the country that are on the north of Spain over the euro, during the in the practice in the relative do they have more women making real politics? If they look that the feminist is not such a strong movement and the countries of the souls of Euro, where the Italy, France, Spain where the families could seem more stronger reduced? It it seems more you know, marine you can see it. You seem to see they really don't get they don't succeed very much. They told me that you proportional here is this thing was I don't know they somebody told me that you are because they say there is too. I have I haven't done the proportion but I think it's quite vital that I'm finishing just telling you that we will leave that to get together what we call woman's Rahman's what we call woman's a mother man with your noise woman with politicals woman is the one I mean to move what they say a sort of, you know, sir, I agree about the three To persuade one objective, because if not, what happens is that you can reach the barrel, and then you can do anything. You just disappeared, like, you know, like sugar in a glass of water. And if you try very hard, they just put you down because you are, you know, they don't like it. And so and so the only thing is that the ones that are in a closed box like this farmer man should have a comfort with the street, the real contact with a professional woman, especially those ones that are working in the mass medium, to meet pressure, this the thing we think it should be the way. And also to think that for some feminist woman, politics, it's maybe not taboo, because this is a wall of men's and you know, in the results are very difficult to get. But in politics, for instance, you decide the budget, and you decide the money, you will see the budget, and you don't really say sorry, that allows you to say the budget. And you will happen that I used to say that money comes money, it's always the same. I mean, you have a, let's imagine that you have a big bag of money. But if you have it, somebody doesn't have it, you understand what I mean? So the money is always the same. And to make politics is always one thing, you make a politic, not progressive or more conservative, that depends or from part, you take the money and to whom you give it. To us, that depends if you take it from the ones that are heavy, and give to the ones that do the heavy already that you make in a sort of politics. Or if you take from the ones that don't have it, and you wish to the ones that help you remove all the sort of politics, moving your country have a big experience about that now, especially women's black, women's, and so on. So that's all. And another thing just for finish, is that we are now becoming a strong country with very strong as money thinking, but the strongest influence because we belong to Europe, we get now inside Europe, and we have a very good situation to be able to speak and to discuss about Aryan countries. So that means, you know, the Arabian is very near to us. And we have a, you know, traditionals relations, and also to South America countries. And one of the things that I would say is that Rwandan need to, you know, to convince

Unknown Speaker  27:52
the people of the strong world of what we call the civilian side, we call it the civil Zeis countries, we used to call the civilization country, nobody knows if there were civilizations or not. Because sometimes we don't make a politic various civilizations. That's right, sir. Ma for especially that some changes, as you know, Robbie Vegas spoke about the necessity of looking for a new economic international order. Some of them things will never succeed. If the capital of the empires, you know, that is you, you are the Empire and New York and Washington or the capital of the empire, you are not going that way. If you try to do some change in that sense, it's going to be more easy for us to follow. And I want to follow that change. But if not, it's going to be very difficult for us. And so what happened is that we don't have a lot of money and we have to spend a lot of it in weapons and intergalactic war, you understand. And we should prefer to spend it in the privacy of the Third World and especially our third world because we always have his method of running our country. And this sir, well, we have the three parter women like all over the world. So I am here to explain what we do, but also to explain you that we cannot do better if you don't do a little bit better. Thank you very much.

Unknown Speaker  29:35
Well, my My name is Mary Nash. I'm from the University of Barcelona, the I'm a historian, and I'm also in the Center for Women's History at the University of Barcelona. I'm actually Irish but Catalan by now as I have been living there for 18 years. So I'm going to be speaking basically on the issue of the development of women's history. In Spain, which I think will also illustrate the whole development or non development of women's studies in Spain, we could say that for women's history, and to a degree less probably women's studies on the home. In Spain at this stage, we are in the process of normalization and achieving a certain degree of consolidation. And so we are coming out of the silence on women, the invisibility of women's experience in all social sciences, history etc. And probably by now, we could say that women's history is concerned that it is becoming a more complex discipline, which cannot be reduced to an any one methodological or theoretical framework. Basically, I think if we take a view of the development of women's studies to a degree, and particularly women's history in Spain, over the past 10 years, we can establish two different stages to my understanding, first stage, which can be dated from 1974 to 1981. In other words, I'm speaking about an experience that has only 10 years behind it, we develop much later than probably you're experiencing here in the United States are sort of logical formulations, the presentation of a few studies dedicated specifically to women and history. And it's also the stage when very few professionals, either historians or sociologists, or economists, etc. actually choose the subject of women as the primary option in research. It's also the stage of legitimization. So, the very first time when the subject is openly broached, and initially introduced in the field of academics, the second stage, from 1981 to 1985, is obviously a stage of greater consolidation, a wider proliferation of studies, a diversification of topics, and a dedication of a greater number of women to studying women as their main research option. And we also find a degree of occasional dedication to women's studies, both by women and by men. And then also in the second period, we have a much larger degree of institutionalization. So to take a look at the first period, in 1974, where women's history is concerned, I must say that there were only three women in Spain, actually dedicating themselves full time to research on women. In 1974, sorry for that mistake for in 1974, there were four Master's dissertations presented three in the area of contemporary history, Ron in the area of medieval history, two from Barcelona and two from Madrid. In fact, the two from Madrid actually coincided on their subject without realizing it. So that does also reflected in the lack of coordination among four people at the time.

Unknown Speaker  33:58
Why was this? Well, this obviously links up with what Anna has been telling us. The slow development of historiography on women and that is also applicable to women's studies in general, of course, has to be placed in the socio political context of the time. Obviously, the political context of the repressive Franco regime made it very difficult to deal with any such topics. And where history is concerned. It made it very difficult for the renovating historiographical tendencies, the development of socialists who, for example, to actually penetrate into the academic world in Spain and be applied, which is even more difficult. That does not to say there was not a knowledge of it, and that some exceptional figures actually did apply. But basically until the late 70s, we don't find an overall generalized use or rapid change in the history graphical focus. Now, not all knew that but the actual political situation meant that there was a very large degree of political polarization of historians, in the sense that we find that historians who consider themselves to be forming part of the overall opposition to the Franco regime in contemporary history tended to dedicate themselves to two topics. One was the study of the 1930s, the 1930s, as the Democratic liberal period, which could be held up as a model that would legitimize resistance to the Franco regime. And in the second case, to the study of the labor movement, to the study of the labor movement to the study of the nationalist movement, in other words, those movements that could also be put forth as models of resistance. So that was the background in which women historians who first attempted to deal with the issues of women found themselves and they were logically to be conditioned by that were the three women could use the three, four sorry, the four women I keep forgetting that one. The two women from Madrid were Rosa Maria Capelle, and Pilar Gonzalez. They were dealing with women and suffrage, the concession of the vote to women in 1931. One of these was later published in book form, Rosa Maria capital has then gone on to publish a book on work and education from 1900 to 1930. Pilar Gonzales work has not been published. The other work was on medieval history. It was on women in the 13th century in Barcelona, women and everyday life, which also has been published by Theresa Maria windowless. And the other work was my piece on women in the anarcho syndicalist movement, which has also been published. So then, also, of course, we must mention the development of the feminist movement in Spain, at the time, and obviously, the interest in women's history was stimulated by this parallel development of feminism in Spain. And, as I was saying, also where the actual conditioning of historiography, and the kind of history that was being studied, meant that when we actually started studying women's history, we dealt with issues that were also being dealt with by General historians. So the first studies as you can see, deal with women in the public arena, deal with a period of the 30s deal with politics and deal with the labor movement. Now, this, of course, is quite a different trajectory that we have in women's history in Spain, to what would occur in France or in Italy, in the sense that in Italy, France, we find the development of social history, that tends to center more in the private sphere, on questions of domestic like everyday life, pregnancy, the female world culture, margination, symbolism, etc. Whereas in Spain, until very recently, most studies have tended to center on the public arena. And a lot on the issues of either coming to later on questions like suffrage, the development of political feminism, on the labor movement, etc. At this time, also, we had the very first development of the acceptance of women's history in the academia. It was very modest

Unknown Speaker  38:57
in the sense that in about I think it was really a feat at the time, in 1975, for the very first time, an actual course on women's history, it was given in the department of contemporary history at the University of Barcelona. That course has continued and still given today. Now, I insist on this because, in fact, it is the only course on women's history that has been existent in existence in Spain, until about last year, two years ago. Now, this is the second year another course has been given at the competency University in Madrid, a doctoral course on an issue dealing with women's history. So what I am saying is that basically, at this point in Spain, we do not have women's studies programs. We do not have degrees in women's studies and we Do not have an acceptance and integration of courses within the actual university syllabus, all their highly exceptional cases, there is. This is developing obviously. And we're very hopeful that in other universities very soon, this will be so I'm also at the, in the initial stage, the first stage I'm speaking about, the situation was made even more difficult by the scarcity on women in the university teaching staff. And this also continues to be the way today. For example, the latest figures for 1985. In spite of as Anna has said, Spain's allegiance to the principles of equality and parity, in 1985, in the whole of Spanish University, it's all a public university, there aren't any private universities there. Only 4.5 of the whole teaching staff of all the teaching staff are full professors, female sorry, females 4.5 of the full teaching staff are professors, whereas 30% of the adjuncts are few minutes. So that will just give you some idea of the conditions within the actual university there. Even Of course, even made more difficult 10 years ago. At that point in time, women's history was something considered to be rather exotic, slightly scandalous. at some stages, forcibly resisted, and at other stages, I must admit, treated with tolerance, sometimes paternalistic, and other times with a very open interest. So we do find focuses were in fact, there was not a specific objection to the development of women's history, in the sense that it was seen as a path towards the general renovation and modernizing of historiography in general. In 1981, of course, by then, we've had the political changes in Spain, the consolidation of the democratic state, which did lead to a greater degree of sensitivity. And also, for example, the creation of the Women's Institute in 1984, which is a State Bureau dedicated to the protection of women, which indeed was a major force in helping the financing the support for different initiatives. And also in the early 80s, we find the development of the first congresses and symposiums and conferences on women, and have the first seminars and centers dedicated to women. Here for example, within the university, we can speak about the seminar on women at the university Autonomous University of Madrid, which basically has focused on holding symposiums practically one a year on different subjects, it has held symposiums on History and Sociology, on economics. On literature, and some of these proceedings have been published in the case of the University of Barcelona, which I will do more about, because it is the one center existing actually within the Spanish university that has a legal status as a center, and also the only one dedicated specifically to history. Now, perhaps if I explain about this, you may get a better notion of the development and the evolution of

Unknown Speaker  43:49
women's history and also women's studies in in Spain. This center was created in 1982. It forms part of what you could call a University Institute. And it has carried out a number of tasks it has quite a lot of projects underway. It is a center that offers library, bibliographic facilities and offers sources it compiles documentary sources, oral sources, iconographical sources, here you have some of the posters of the Civil War, which are somewhat relevant to women which you might like to pass around and take a look at. It has carried out a policy of basic infrastructure work, in the sense that one of its main projects has been the compilation of a bibliography and annotated bibliography with abstracts of all All existing sources in the libraries and archives in Barcelona are published between 1800 published between 18 119 39. Now, this is a major task at the moment, we have over three and a half 1000 abstracts written up, we hope to possibly finish this research within the next year and then proceed to publishing it and entering it in what we would hope by them to have as a bank of data. Also, within this instrumental field, but we have developed by one of the members of the team is to sarus at the Sallows, a non sexist documental language for the indexing of historical documentation. Now, this tesoros has been elaborated from the bibliography that I have mentioned. In other words, it has been developed from primary sources, it is obviously centered, therefore, on historical material, but also has obviously used like mantle Borg, etc, etc, the existing sources to give it, I think it will be very functional as well for general social sciences. This has just been recently present presented at the University of Barcelona as a Master's dissertation, and we would hope to have it published in the near future. Apart from that, there are many research projects going on. The center is divided into medieval history, modern history, contemporary history, history of art, it also deals with the field of literature. It has an interdisciplinary bent in the sense that we also work a lot with anthropologists. And there are several different research historical projects going on that I don't think it's necessary to mention here. We also hope to develop other activities, and we are developing them, such as the coordination of research projects, and partly here networking, getting to know what people are doing, exchanging information, etc. And next October, we are holding up Congress to which you are more than welcome, if you can make it to Barcelona, dealing with the issue of the interaction between public and private sphere, this will be held on the in Barcelona here, you have some circulars on it and some brochures on the center, if you wish to pick them up afterwards. Then what I haven't actually checked the time, almost almost straight. So I should give you a very brief outline then about what we have been dealing with. Within women's history. As I've said, a lot of it has been dealt with the public arena, and infrastructure and work the development of repertoires, the publication of historical texts. One of the main focuses has been precisely on the development of political feminism,

Unknown Speaker  48:25
the debate on the concession of women's suffrage, where it is quite clear that there is an enormous degree of ambivalence see unknown, even left wing parties with regards to the issue of the concession of vote to women, not on a theoretical level, but on a very pragmatical political level. So that in the 19, the early 30s, late 20s, early 30s, we have this ongoing debate as to whether or not the vote should actually be conceded to women, which it was and which was a logical venture within the establishment of a democratic liberal

Unknown Speaker  49:03
regime, but

Unknown Speaker  49:06
cannot hurt by now. It's fairly clear, be attributed to the pressure of exists existing feminist organizations, because although our knowledge is still at this stage, fairly fragmentary, but the first wave of feminism is in Spain, is probably has some characteristics that make it quite different to the experience in the US, for example, in the sense that there is a very strong development of female Association ism. But that does not necessarily mean that they were even suffragist. We have I could say probably the development of a more social feminism rather than a political feminism in Spain, issues where education access to culture, rather than the The actual access to the vote. And within the development of female Association ism, the Catholic conservative associations were indeed very strong. So there is not by any chance, a clear on ambivalent approach even by women themselves, and even at times by left wing women on the actual issue of political feminism, and the vote itself, these are some of the issues that have been dealt with, we have still many fields to cover, which I won't go into here. Another main subject of discussion has been the study of women in the dynamics of social change, the analysis of female protagonism in the working class movements, social conflicts, revolutionary processes, etc. And by now, we have really, I think, rehabilitated female protagonism and questioned entirely the the interpretive scheme of the absence of women from social conflict. In fact, even we now have actual data, which shows that the presence of women in strikes in Spain was in the early 20th century actually higher than that of men. Of course, if one reads the text on the labor movement in Spain, what we come up against, obviously, is the absence of reflection on the the agency of women. But there are now some new studies that are throwing a lot of light on this. We also find, therefore, that women are actually present in the working class, organization, the organized working class from its very creation, for example, in the 1890s, we have a very first attempt to establish a federation of female working class associations, which does not work out but which indeed, is quite significant. And by the late 19th century, we have the one of the first formulations, theoretical formulations at that stage of the need to link up

Unknown Speaker  52:10
female oppression, female subordination, and female emancipation with the social struggle. Now, I think this is quite interesting, because we do have in Spain, I want to my mind is a very unusual phenomena, a very unusual experience with respect to the rest of the labor movement in Europe, which is the creation and the following up of this idea, which was just expressed on an individual theoretical level and the early 20th century, in the mid 30s, to the development of a collective strategy of female resistance based precisely on the idea of the dual struggle, the social struggle, and also the development of an actual what one would call feminist struggle. Naturally, this would have to be said within the context of the Civil War, of social revolutionary change of the Anti Fascist war going on at the time. And that would not mean to say that this particular organization, which was a female anarchist organization at the time, of its 20,000 Members, I would not at all say that a big number of them actually identified with this theoretical feminist stance, but it is of itself very significant, as is the enormous mobilization of women in the Anti Fascist resistance movement during the Civil War. Although one could also probably conclude by saying that they did not necessarily signify a breakdown or that did not signify a breakdown of gender discrimination of job segmentation. But it was definitely a platform for the development of consciousness, social and female, and probably feminist consciousness at the time. Another area in which studies are also being developed the development of, to degree of everyday life in particular, particularly reproductive issues, I think I'll just leave it there reproductive issues in the 20s and 30s, which is one of the fields that within the center we are working on. So you know, if there are any questions, we can follow this up later on.

Unknown Speaker  54:38
Before we follow, I would like to excuse our fair comfort that she should be here. She's a very good professor of the University of Barcelona. And she, you know, she was she has not been able to come just to tell you that she's an expert. In a woman's elections and electoral systems, and he just published a book now, about an hour now his eyes all the results of all the elections that had happened in Spain during the Republic, for especially in Catalonia, just a part of Catalonia, where we come for free and and find out some interesting things about humans want an alphabet ball? And also she can she demonstrate that sensitivity analyses that usually says that they will not going to vote. If you analyze, well, the results you find that they say but they vote. So that's quite interesting thing and she told me to excuse her and maybe she has a better time to come

Unknown Speaker  56:02
would like to ask you a question.

Unknown Speaker  56:04
For a moment. I heard a woman from this country have Italian background. Italian feminist?

Unknown Speaker  56:16
Is it seemed very interesting to me. I have not read. But she said that in Italy. I'm asking you because Spain is also a southern country from Europe. And different but yet probably has something. She said that Italian feminism at the present time was the furthest of all becoming feminists. Things whether that's true, and I don't know. But she said that the industrial part of Italy isn't north. And then great sense of woman in a circumstance in the south, even though women are the women of the shadows, if you will, as well. She said that there was a sort of coalition coalescing of those two in Italy. She also said that the league legal things were further than in this country. But she said that there was a kind of feminism that she thought others could learn from, from Southern Europe. But she was thinking especially. I was wondering if they were getting parallel?

Unknown Speaker  57:26
Well, first of all, I went to Cheeseman Blackman, and I want to introduce you, because she has been publishing things about going to church. And I think it's quite interesting as well, I'm using us to happen if they used to say that, you know, it used to seems that the countries of the south of Europe, we should have a lot of contacts, and a lot of points are compensated store. But we are also different. And this is also true. So what happened now, that happened really now, according to the wage rate law now, they have overnights, quite well, woman's mother. And for instance, since the contract contradiction, but one of the leader of the international companies now it's called, but then. But he's his husband's name. And but she's really quite American, as far as I know. So she's from Hong Kong as well, you know, he told me, a has always been for us a point of reference in school, like it has been France, especially when we were so we had to build a beautiful piece to make anything because we were not allowed. And we wrote a lot about it. But I should say that in our country, what happens now to tell you the truth is that so many chains have been done, let's say from the top, let's say like that, because of Democrats and socialists, that the Organization of Women when we could say like already taken the woman they don't really go yet. They don't really go get because you know, it seems that things come from because they come with a chain and that's why this is my test my point. That's why I think we should try to harmonize our sound samples from down to make really like the cats to make them ethical. Because otherwise you have allow from your sound, but you are not strong to make these holes on fly URIs monastery to our you, you work every day's work to work today. Ah How to anything. And this is a thing, I think we are still very weak. And we are very weak because I should say that we, our muscle man, Spanish mobile companies, has been a very against what we sit here. And if you want to really to organize something, I'm not saying that you must hit it. But you must make some, you know, some sort of practices that can go out, for instance, you must resolve the problem, how you get the money to the one, and you must find a way that somebody pays. And you must find a way to get that money. And if you are not a little bit organized, you are not capable. So what happened now is Hello happened this time was that there has been a very good screen of revendication you know, marble man, and it was very good that we anytime they said, Let's go for our station, that time the tower was a woman's, you know, just just what we call out on the way about, you know, they can and women together and everything, but the next day, nobody was able even even to make a press mount. To, to correct, what you will shoot tomorrow was going to say that we were blessed. And when we were that we we the thing was not as Nigel was saying to happen, he was not exactly what we really need. You understand what you saw? I think what will happen to Spain is to find a way separately, or what it is, you know, people he's very afraid of the manipulation of the political parties, and you understand it's great. I think he's right. Because if you if you are not independent, we're going to win anything that's real. But families should find a way now we have a lot of humans are now women that time. In spite of that, I think there have been always more more with a Christian student, I think they got Organization of Women quite quite sit down and they found before the way to make over things. I think they in that sense, you know, they have more experience.

Unknown Speaker  1:02:27
So YouTube came out I would say that her book is a little bit controversial, is it I mean, I don't think it's 100% agreement on that. That point of view, but and then I'm sure it's like Spain, you can get coalition's on different issues. And what the interesting thing in Italy is that abortion is is a very broadly accepted issue including Southern women and other things aren't and I think that I'm sure that that is true, insane to I don't mean it'd be the same issue but that but that it is that her view is a little bit.

Unknown Speaker  1:03:12
I only heard of one so